Four Factor Surface Response Optimization of Ethyl Palmitate from Terminalia cattapa L. Kernel Oil

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONEthyl palmitate is the ester derivatives of palmitic acid which is a saturated fatty acid. Chemical formula of this compound is C 18 H 36 O 2 . It is a colorless solid with a wax-like odor. Esters are important organic compounds with increasing number of commercial applications [1]. Ethyl palmitate are infrequent found in the nature, except the base material synthesized from saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid.Palmitic acid contained in palm oil (39.2-45.8 %) [2], corn oil 8.0-12.0 %, soybean oil 7-10 %, canola oil 3.0-7.0 %, 4.1-17.3 %, sun flower, 2.0-6.0 %, linseed 4.0-7.0 % [3], coconut 4.6-20.0 % [4]. Transesterification reaction of oils which contained palmitic acid and ethanol will produce ethyl palmitate. Ethyl palmitate can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of cosmetics, detergents, additives at the textile and paper [5], flavors and pharmaceuticals and hydraulic fluids [6]. Ethyl palmitate is used as a hair and skin-conditioning agent as well.Ethyl palmitate in commercial applications has been hampered due to the low amounts that can be recovered from natural sources [7,8]. Therefore, most of the available esters are produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis. Chemical transesterification method leads to high energy consumption and degradation of ester produced. Meanwhile, The biotechnological production of ethyl palmitate using lipases has received particular attention due to the mild reaction conditions

Optimization of Alkyldiethanolamides Synthesis from <i>Terminalia catappa</i> L. Kernel Oil through Enzymatic Reaction

“…The run temperature profile was 2 min at 40 , 8 /min at 280 , and 5 min at 280 . A flame ionization detector FID was used at 300 15 .…”

“…At the temperature of 50 to 70 , there was a decrease in the amount of reaction product formed. This occurred because enzymes are denatured at high temperatures 15,23 . Islam et al 24 reported that lipase is very active at temperatures of 30-40 , while at temperatures above 50 , the enzyme may be deactivated 25 .…”

SYNTHESIS OF FATTY DIETHANOLAMIDE FROM Calophyllum inophyllum L. KERNEL OIL VIA ENZYMATIC REACTION

“…Lipase is able to catalyze a reaction in a short time, at low temperature and low pressure. 14,15 In this study, the optimization reactions have been performed to synthesize fatty dietanolamide from nyamplung kernel oil with the following variables: time reaction, temperature, ratio substrate and amount of enzyme. The enzyme used as a catalyst is the immobilized enzyme from Thermomyces lanuginosus or Lipozyme TLIM.…”

Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fatty Hydroxamic Acids from Terminalia Catappa L. Kernel Oil

“…The advantage of the enzymatic synthesis method is a specific reaction, mild reaction condition, environmentally friendly process and simple purification process. 11,12 The other studies of enzymatic synthesis of FHA is the tiohydroxamic synthesis of palm oil with lipase catalyst, 7 the enzimatic synthesis of FHA of coconut oil, 6 and the synthesis of fatty phenyl hydroxamic acids of coconut oil with the lipase enzymes. 8 From a few studies that have been mentioned above, the raw material use edible oil.…”

“…11,13 Ketapang oil also has a characteristic physical-chemical properties so that it is suitable to be used as a base materials. 11, 12,13 For that reason, ketapang kernel oil has the potential to be used as raw material of FHA synthesis.…”