Four direct measurements of the fine-structure constant 13 billion years ago

Abstract

Observations of the redshift z = 7.085 quasar J1120+0641 are used to search for variations of the fine structure constant, a, over the redshift range 5:5 to 7:1. Observations at z = 7:1 probe the physics of the universe at only 0.8 billion years old. These are the most distant direct measurements of a to date and the first measurements using a near-IR spectrograph. A new AI analysis method is employed. Four measurements from the x-shooter spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) constrain changes in a relative to the terrestrial value (α0). The weighted mean electromagnetic force in this location in the universe deviates from the terrestrial value by Δα/α = (αz − α0)/α0 = (−2:18 ± 7:27) × 10−5, consistent with no temporal change. Combining these measurements with existing data, we find a spatial variation is preferred over a no-variation model at the 3:9σ level.

Several Ways to Calculate the Universal Gravitational Constant <i>G</i> Theoretically and Cubic Splines to Verify Its Measured Value

“…Therefore, the value of α would seem to decrease over time. It is moreover at this conclusion that Wilczynska's research team [48] According to Einstein's 1917 cosmology, the universe can be associated to a 4-D sphere [49]. Contrary to the preconceived idea of a static universe he had at the time, Hubble showed in 1929 that the universe is also in expansion [10].…”

“…Using Equations (46) and (60), we get G as a function of Planck charge q p . Using Equations (46) and (48) in Equation 58, we obtain G as a function of the vacuum permeability μ 0 and Planck charge q p . (67)…”

“…31),(48), and (51) in Equation(39), G is defined as a function of μ 0 , q e , and the constant by Rydberg R ∞ .…”

On Spacetime Duality and the Astromechanics of a Dual Universe

“…The fine-structure constant was detected to vary through space and time [1][2][3], where the speed of light in vacuum, Newton's gravitational constant and other constants could be not constants throughout the evolution of the universe and its geometry. As an alternative, spacetime is postulated to have a dual nature that it curves according to general relativity as waves and flows as perfect fluid particles; where the spacetime modulus of elasticity is considered as a fundamental constant of nature in this work as follows…”

“…Recent astronomical measurements in four directions of the fine structure constant by several studies discovered it varies slightly through two directions only, which could indicate an anisotropic universe. However, the variation is not depending on time only but occurs as well through specific directions [1][2][3]. Therefore, the perception of constant speed of light in the vacuum throughout the universe evolution could be a good approximation to reality.…”