Four Decades of Trends and Drivers of Global Surface Ocean Acidification

Ma, Danling; Gregor, Luke; Gruber, Nicolas

doi:10.1029/2023gb007765

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The product includes historical data from 1982-2022, is well validated, and has been used in prior studies on marine carbonate chemistry [54] and extremes [5].…”

Section: Draftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-month forecasts of marine heatwaves and ocean acidification extremes

Mogen,

Lovenduski,

Yeager

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Marine heatwaves (MHW) and ocean acidification extreme events (OAX) are periods during which temperature and acidification reach extreme levels, endangering ecosystems. As the threats from MHW and OAX grow with climate change, there is need for skillful predictions of events months-to-years in advance. Previous work has demonstrated that climate models can predict marine heatwaves up to 12 months in advance in key regions, but no studies have attempted to predict OAX. Here we use the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Seasonal-to-Multiyear Large Ensemble (SMYLE) to make predictions of both MHW and OAX events. We find that CESM SMYLE skillfully predicts discrete MHW and OAX events up to 1 year in advance. Skill is highest in the tropical and northeast Pacific, reflecting the contribution of El Niño-Southern Oscillation. A forecast generated in late 2023 during the 2023-24 ENSO event finds high likelihood for widespread MHWs and OAX in 2024.

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“…The product includes historical data from 1982-2022, is well validated, and has been used in prior studies on marine carbonate chemistry [54] and extremes [5].…”

Section: Draftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-month forecasts of marine heatwaves and ocean acidification extremes

Mogen,

Lovenduski,

Yeager

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Ocean carbon uptake can reach its peak at an earlier period when the biogeochemical response to physical climate changes (including the AMOC slowdown) further reduces the ocean's ability to absorb atmospheric CO 2 (Maier-Reimer et al, 1996;Humphreys et al, 2018;Stock et al, 2020). The surface ocean DIC concentrations increased during the 20 th century due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon (Figure 4D) (Wanninkhof et al, 2010;Jiang et al, 2023;Keppler et al, 2023;Ma et al, 2023). In the high emission scenario, the atmospheric pCO 2 levels continue to increase and the surface ocean DIC generally follows the atmospheric forcing trend (Figures 4D, G).…”

Section: Amoc Alk and Carbon Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon uptake, on the other hand, is primarily driven by the rate of increase in the atmospheric CO 2 levels, thus depends on the trajectory of anthropogenic carbon emission. A significant fraction of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions is absorbed by oceans, increasing the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and thus causing acidification (Perez et al, 2021;Jiang et al, 2023;Ma et al, 2023). The increase in DIC affects the ability of the ocean to continue absorbing CO 2 from the atmosphere, as the ocean becomes more saturated with CO 2 (Le Queŕéet al, 2007;Keppler et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of regional carbon uptake by AMOC and alkalinity changes in the subpolar North Atlantic under a warming climate

Zhang,

Ito,

Bracco

2024

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and associated consequences on ocean carbon uptake could have large implications for the Earth's climate system and its global carbon cycle. This study analyzes ten Earth System Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and reveals that the regional carbon uptake in the subpolar North Atlantic under a high CO2 emission scenario moderately correlates with the decline in AMOC at 40°N. AMOC transports warm and salty subtropical waters to the subpolar regions. Models with stronger AMOC slowdown generally exhibit weaker surface warming and larger decline of surface salinity and alkalinity. We consider two plausible mechanisms linking the AMOC slowdown to the decline of regional CO2 uptake: the reduction in surface alkalinity and diminished subduction. The decline of surface salinity and alkalinity reduces the ocean's capacity to buffer acids leading to a reduced CO2 uptake. This important contribution is unique to the North Atlantic. Diminished convective mixing and subduction of surface water can further decrease the downward transport of anthropogenic carbon, as also shown in previous research. The centennial trends of pCO2 are decomposed into four components driven by temperature, salinity, alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon, revealing that alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon are both significant contributors. The alkalinity-driven pCO2 essentially follows surface salinity, establishing the linkage between AMOC slowdown and alkalinity decline. Our results indicate that alkalinity changes are important for the interplay between AMOC and the regional carbon sequestration ability across the late 20th and the entirety of the 21st century in the subpolar North Atlantic.

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“…A sodium level outside of this range can be harmful, and it is therefore important to monitor accurately the concentration within its narrow range. , Another important example is the measurement of the pH in oceans. Increased carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources results in surface oceanic pH values that slowly decrease over time at a rate of about −0.002 pH per year. , This has an impact on metal speciation and calcification processes. , It is therefore crucial to monitor these small pH changes at an adequate resolution. Today, however, such small changes are challenging to measure reliably.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources results in surface oceanic pH values that slowly decrease over time at a rate of about −0.002 pH per year. 6 , 7 This has an impact on metal speciation and calcification processes. 8 , 9 It is therefore crucial to monitor these small pH changes at an adequate resolution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the Sensitivity of pH Glass Electrodes with Constant Potential Coulometry at Zero Current

Nussbaum,

Jeanneret,

Bakker

2024

Anal. Chem.

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It has recently become possible to increase the sensitivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) by imposing a constant cell potential, allowing one to record current spikes with a capacitor placed in series in the circuit. The approach requires a transient current to pass through the measurement cell, which unfortunately may introduce measurement errors and additionally excludes the use of high-impedance indicator electrodes, such as pH glass electrodes. We present here an electronic circuit that overcomes these limitations, where the cell is measured at zero current in combination with a voltage follower, and the current spike and capacitor charging occur entirely within the instrument. The approach avoids the need for a counter electrode, and one may use any electrode useful in potentiometry regardless of its impedance. The characteristics of the circuit were found to approach ideality when evaluated with either an external potential source or an Ag/ AgCl electrode. The current may be linearized and extrapolated to further reduce the measurement time. The circuit is further tested with the most common yet very challenging electrode, the pH glass electrode. A precision of 64 μpH was obtained for 0.01 pH change up to 0.05 from a reference solution. Similar pH changes were also measured reliably further away from the reference solution (0.5−0.55) and resulted in a precision of 377 μpH. The limitations of this experimental setup were explored by performing pH calibrations within the measuring range of the probe.

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Four Decades of Trends and Drivers of Global Surface Ocean Acidification

Abstract: The oceans provide a large ecosystem service by taking up roughly a quarter of the CO 2 emitted by anthropogenic activities (

Cited by 21 publications

References 101 publications

Multi-month forecasts of marine heatwaves and ocean acidification extremes

Multi-month forecasts of marine heatwaves and ocean acidification extremes

Modulation of regional carbon uptake by AMOC and alkalinity changes in the subpolar North Atlantic under a warming climate

Increasing the Sensitivity of pH Glass Electrodes with Constant Potential Coulometry at Zero Current

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