Four Chitinase cDNAs from Chenopodium amaranticolor.

Nakamura, Shigeo; Iwai, Tsuruji; Honkura, Ryoso; Ugaki, Masashi; Ohshima, Masahiro; Ohashi, Yuko

doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.85

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…6A). Similarly, the chitinase CaEP3 of the Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium amaranticolor has been observed to be expressed under biotic stress or by SA [45], but the ortholog in quinoa CqEP3 was not significantly changed in our experiments (Fig. 6A).…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

“…Plant defense response against biotrophs usually involves the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling cascade in order to activate the hypersensitive response and halt the biotrophic pathogen growth [43]. Therefore, we tested the quinoa orthologs of the AtCAT2 [44] and AtEP3 [45] genes, which are both active in the A. thaliana SA response. For more studied SA pathway genes, as AtNPR1 (AT1G64280), clear orthologs could not be identified in quinoa.…”

Section: Downy Mildew Disease Progression In Two C Quinoa Cultivarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The disease progression and molecular defense response in Chenopodium quinoa infected with Peronospora variabilis, the causal agent of quinoa downy mildew

Palma-Encinas

Widell

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The downy mildew disease, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora variabilis, is the largest environmental threat to quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation in the Andean highlands. However, so far no molecular information on the quinoa-Peronospora interaction has been reported. Here, we have developed tools to study the downy mildew disease in quinoa at gene expression level. Living P. variabilis could be isolated and maintained in the presence of a fungicide, allowing the characterization of downy mildew disease progression in two differently susceptible quinoa cultivars under controlled conditions. Quinoa gene expression changes induced by P. variabilis were analysed by qRT-PCR for quinoa homologues of Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-associated genes. Overall, we observed a slower disease progression and higher tolerance in the quinoa cultivar Kurmi than in the cultivar Maniquena Real. We also observed that quinoa orthologs of A. thaliana genes involved in the salicylic acid defense response pathway (AtCAT2 and AtEP3) did not have changes in its gene expression. In contrast, quinoa orthologs of A. thaliana gene markers of the induction of the jasmonic acid response pathway (AtWRKY33 and AtHSP90) were significantly induced in plants infected with P. variabilis. These genes could be used as defense response markers to select quinoa cultivars that are more tolerant to P. variabilis infection.concentrations has further raised the interest in quinoa to meet future food demands internationally [1,[3][4][5]. However, quinoa production in the major original cultivation areas is strongly limited by the downy mildew disease, which can reduce the yield by 35-90% [6-9]. The downy mildew disease is caused by the oomycete P. variabilis Gäum. [4, 10, 11] and has been spread to every continent where quinoa is cultivated [12][13][14][15][16]. The worldwide distribution of P. variabilis has likely been expanded by commercial trade of infected seeds [17, 18]. P. variabilis specifically infects Chenopodium species and is an obligate biotroph [19,20]. Little is known about P. variabilis biology, including mode of transmission, leaf penetration and signals for sporangiospore and oospore formation [21]. Most of the studies of P. variabilis have been oriented on screening quinoa cultivars for resistance in agricultural fields and observe quantitative differences in susceptibility [6-8, 16, 22, 23]. Some studies have evaluated the resistance of different quinoa cultivars to P. variabilis infection under controlled conditions [24,25] or detached leaf assays [12]. However, mechanistic understanding or molecular studies of the interaction of quinoa with P. variabilis or the downy mildew disease progression are not available. With the recent availability of the genomic sequences of quinoa [26][27][28] and the close relatives to P. variabilis, Peronospora tabacina [29] and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis [30,31], improved methodology and knowledge on the infection cycle of P. variabilis can open up for detailed molecular studies...

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Downy Mildew Disease Progression In Two C Quinoa Cultivarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The disease progression and molecular defense response in Chenopodium quinoa infected with Peronospora variabilis, the causal agent of quinoa downy mildew

Palma-Encinas

Widell

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…We decided to test known protein-coding genes involved in defense responses of A. thaliana to biotrophic infection. Thus, we investigated the quinoa orthologs of Arabidopsis CATALASE2 ( AtCAT2 [ 35 ]) and one chitinase-encoding gene ( AtEP3 [ 36 ]). However, we observed no changes in the expression of these genes upon infection with P. variabilis .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As we did not observe HR in our results, it was expected that CqCAT2 would have unchanged gene expression upon pathogen infection, as was also observed ( CqCAT2 , Figure 6 A). Similarly, the chitinase CaEP3 of Chenopodium amaranticolor has been observed to be expressed during HR mediated by cucumber mosaic virus inoculation [ 36 , 47 ] and is induced by elicitors [ 48 ]. However, its quinoa ortholog CqEP3 was not significantly changed during P. variabilis infection ( Figure 6 A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Disease Progression and Molecular Defense Response in Chenopodium Quinoa Infected with Peronospora Variabilis, the Causal Agent of Quinoa Downy Mildew

Rollano-Peñaloza

Palma‐Encinas

Widell

et al. 2022

Plants

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Downy mildew disease, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora variabilis, is the largest threat to the cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Andean highlands, and occurs worldwide. However, so far, no molecular study of the quinoa–Peronospora interaction has been reported. Here, we developed tools to study downy mildew disease in quinoa at the gene expression level. P. variabilis was isolated and maintained, allowing the study of downy mildew disease progression in two quinoa cultivars under controlled conditions. Quinoa gene expression changes induced by P. variabilis were analyzed by qRT-PCR, for quinoa homologues of A. thaliana pathogen-associated genes. Overall, we observed a slower disease progression and higher tolerance in the quinoa cultivar Kurmi than in the cultivar Maniqueña Real. The quinoa orthologs of putative defense genes such as the catalase CqCAT2 and the endochitinase CqEP3 showed no changes in gene expression. In contrast, quinoa orthologs of other defense response genes such as the transcription factor CqWRKY33 and the chaperone CqHSP90 were significantly induced in plants infected with P. variabilis. These genes could be used as defense response markers to select quinoa cultivars that are more tolerant to P. variabilis infection.

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“…The main biological activity of GH19 enzymes in plants is associated with improved resistance against Fungi [ 36 – 38 ] and against phytopathogenic bacteria [ 10 , 39 ]. Tolerance to pests was demonstrated to increase in transgenic plants in which heterologous GH19 genes were introduced or overexpressed [ 40 – 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GH19 Engineering Database: Sequence diversity, substrate scope, and evolution in glycoside hydrolase family 19

et al. 2021

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The glycoside hydrolase 19 (GH19) is a bifunctional family of chitinases and endolysins, which have been studied for the control of plant fungal pests, the recycle of chitin biomass, and the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria. The GH19 domain-containing sequences (22,461) were divided into a chitinase and an endolysin subfamily by analyzing sequence networks, guided by taxonomy and the substrate specificity of characterized enzymes. The chitinase subfamily was split into seventeen groups, thus extending the previous classification. The endolysin subfamily is more diverse and consists of thirty-four groups. Despite their sequence diversity, twenty-six residues are conserved in chitinases and endolysins, which can be distinguished by two specific sequence patterns at six and four positions, respectively. Their location outside the catalytic cleft suggests a possible mechanism for substrate specificity that goes beyond the direct interaction with the substrate. The evolution of the GH19 catalytic domain was investigated by large-scale phylogeny. The inferred evolutionary history and putative horizontal gene transfer events differ from previous works. While no clear patterns were detected in endolysins, chitinases varied in sequence length by up to four loop insertions, causing at least eight distinct presence/absence loop combinations. The annotated GH19 sequences and structures are accessible via the GH19 Engineering Database (GH19ED, https://gh19ed.biocatnet.de). The GH19ED has been developed to support the prediction of substrate specificity and the search for novel GH19 enzymes from neglected taxonomic groups or in regions of the sequence space where few sequences have been described yet.

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Four Chitinase cDNAs from Chenopodium amaranticolor.

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

The disease progression and molecular defense response in Chenopodium quinoa infected with Peronospora variabilis, the causal agent of quinoa downy mildew

The disease progression and molecular defense response in Chenopodium quinoa infected with Peronospora variabilis, the causal agent of quinoa downy mildew

The Disease Progression and Molecular Defense Response in Chenopodium Quinoa Infected with Peronospora Variabilis, the Causal Agent of Quinoa Downy Mildew

The GH19 Engineering Database: Sequence diversity, substrate scope, and evolution in glycoside hydrolase family 19

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