Foundation Settlement and Tilt of Millennium Tower in San Francisco, California

Stewart, Jonathan P.; Wagner, Nathaniel; Murphy, Debra; Butkovich, Jeremy; Largent, Micaela; Nouri, Hamid; Curran, Hannah; Maffioli, Darcie; Egan, John A.

doi:10.1061/jggefk.gteng-10244

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Numerous researchers have conducted parametric studies to investigate the interaction between the soil and surface structures [10][11][12]. Also, recent studies have compared numerical analysis results with field measurements obtained from constructed projects to analyze the SSIs [13,14]. Because of its industrialized character, the building method employing concrete walls, according to Ng et al [15], offers advantages such as a quick execution, a reduced amount of manual work required, less expensive overall costs, reduced waste generation, and efficient large-scale manufacturing.…”

Section: Brief Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Settlement Analysis of Concrete-Walled Buildings Using Soil–Structure Interactions and Finite Element Modeling

Patrício,

Gusmão,

Ferreira

et al. 2024

Buildings

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This study examines the performance of mat foundations in 13 blocks of eight-story concrete-walled residential buildings. Topographic monitoring bolts were used to monitor the slab’s construction, which was 0.35 m thick and comprised an area of 225 m2. Using the collected data, a retro-analysis of the modulus of elasticity was conducted to obtain the geotechnical parameters for forecasting the settlement using the elasticity theory. A nonlinear approach for construction modeling and soil–structure interactions showed that the earthworks at the start of construction had a significant role in settling. Blocks in landfills settled faster than those in land-cut zones. The partial execution of building levels was found to be critical in terms of angular distortions and stresses in the concrete slab. The partial lifting of the foundation plate was confirmed in blocks with partial building floor execution, demonstrating the importance of assessing the foundation’s behavior at this stage. The modulus of elasticity dropped as construction progressed, with landfill parts being particularly vulnerable. Creep settlements contributed significantly, accounting for about 20% of the total settlements in some blocks. The numerical staged construction model accurately replicated the behaviors observed in the monitoring data, confirming the hypothesis of the partial raising of the foundation during the building process, which resulted in higher angular distortions. Based on the results obtained, the authors strongly recommend that the simultaneous consideration of soil–structure interactions and construction effects be commonly used in foundation designs.

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Section: Brief Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Settlement Analysis of Concrete-Walled Buildings Using Soil–Structure Interactions and Finite Element Modeling

Patrício,

Gusmão,

Ferreira

et al. 2024

Buildings

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“…Визначенню кренів інженерних споруд методом наземного лазерного сканування присвячені роботи [2,3,4]. Комплексному дослідженню деформацій та крену присвячена стаття [5]. В ній викладені результати спостереження за Вежею Тисячоліття в Каліфорнії (США) з 2006 до 2020 року.…”

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Geodetic Research of the Smokestack Tilt of the Boiler House on Karnaukhova Street in Rivne

Bachyshyn,

Hadzeman

2023

ПР

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Smokestackеs are extraordinary and technologically important construction structures. Their safe operation is a prerequisite for long-term and trouble-free operation of a boiler house and the provision of heat to entire city districts. The purpose of this paper is to study the smokestack tilt of a boiler house using geodetic methods. The relevance of this research is in the fact that the smokestack tilt a dangerous factor that can lead to its destruction due to loss of stability or due to the force exceeding the maximum resistance. The destruction of such a structure can cause significant economic or even human losses. A preliminary calculation of the accuracy of geodetic work to determine the smokestack's tilt on M. Karnaukhova Street was performed. Based on the calculation results, an electronic total station Leica TCR 1205 was selected. A modified coordinate method was used to determine the position of a large number of points on the outer surface of the smokestack for each horizontal section. The measurement results are balanced by the parametric method of the least squares method. This method is implemented in the "Kren" software module developed by the authors. Three measurement cycles were performed in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The value of the tilt (about 200 mm) is quite noticeable for this smokestack with a bottom section diameter of 3.65 m. The smokestack is tilted in the direction from which the mobile communication equipment is installed. The balanced tilt value differs from the value calculated from the outermost observation points from the station. Tilt monitoring data should be considered as an integral part of the chimney building information system (BIM).

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Deformation Monitoring of High‐Rise Building Clusters: Acquiring Deformation Coefficients by Combining Satellite Imagery and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry

Zhou,

Chen,

Hao

et al. 2024

Structural Control and Health Monitoring

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Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a remote sensing measurement technology based on electromagnetic waves, capable of simultaneously monitoring deformations in large urban building complexes with millimeter‐level precision. However, relying solely on the line of sight (LOS) deformation sequence based on a specific permanent scatterer cannot accurately analyze building deformations, particularly in cases where high‐rise buildings may simultaneously experience various deformation components such as temperature‐induced deformation, shrinkage, creep, and tilting. To accurately identify the deformation states of high‐rise buildings, the paper begins by systematically summarizing three typical deformation patterns from the unique perspective of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites. These patterns include Pattern I, characterized by temperature‐induced deformation alone, and Pattern II and Pattern III, which involve a combination of deformation in different directions relative to the SAR satellite in addition to temperature‐induced deformation. To accurately monitor the LOS deformation of high‐rise buildings, the paper introduces the concept of acquiring the evolutionary trends of temperature‐related deformation coefficients and proposes a methodology for recognizing and quantifying deformation in high‐rise buildings. Subsequently, this study utilized freely available Sentinel‐1 satellite data to observe the deformation of nine high‐rise buildings in Changsha, China. The research findings indicate that the thermal expansion coefficients of most high‐rise buildings fall within the range of 6 ∼ 12 × 10−6/°C. High‐rise buildings that have been constructed for more than ten years almost no longer experience significant shrinkage or creep, while new constructions may exhibit an initial shrinkage and creep of up to 1.2 × 10−4 mm/mm. Additionally, the study results demonstrate that super‐tall buildings may exhibit centimeter‐scale lateral deformations at their tops due to uneven shrinkage. Findings from the study indicate that the proposed method can achieve cost‐effective and sustainable deformation monitoring of high‐rise building clusters within a large urban area.

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Foundation Settlement and Tilt of Millennium Tower in San Francisco, California

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Settlement Analysis of Concrete-Walled Buildings Using Soil–Structure Interactions and Finite Element Modeling

Settlement Analysis of Concrete-Walled Buildings Using Soil–Structure Interactions and Finite Element Modeling

Geodetic Research of the Smokestack Tilt of the Boiler House on Karnaukhova Street in Rivne

Deformation Monitoring of High‐Rise Building Clusters: Acquiring Deformation Coefficients by Combining Satellite Imagery and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry

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