“…2 show that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated 1.5 bilayer membranes in general, with the exception of membrane encoded 0.1-(CHI/ ALG) 1 CHI-PEGylated 0.5Ag, display a lower surface roughness compared to that of AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated single layer membranes. Decreased surface roughness with increasing number of PEMs have been observed also by Ishigami et al who used LbL assembly to modify a reverse osmosis membrane with poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) polyelectrolytes [29].…”
a b s t r a c tIn this study, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method was employed to modify a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membrane by successive adsorption of chitosan and alginate as cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. To enhance anti-biofouling property, pure, PEG mixed and PEGylated AgCl/TiO 2 xerogels were incorporated solely in the top layer of the LbL-modified membranes. Organic and biological foulings were addressed separately using alginate and Escherichia coli bacteria suspensions as the organic and biological model foulants, respectively. LbL-modifying the commercial PES membrane successively with chitosan and alginate polyelectrolyte multilayers prevented organic fouling extensively. In addition, we found that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated membranes show higher water permeability and improved resistance to biological fouling as compared to the PES membrane. Silver amounts in consecutively collected permeate samples were quantified by ICP-MS analysis to assess the stability of AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated layers. Silver loss per filtration cycle followed an increasing trend initially, up to a filtration volume totaling 3000 L/m 2 , leading to 4.2% reduction in the immobilized silver amount. After that, silver loss per filtration cycle stabilized at $ 7.44 μg/L, which extrapolates to $ 265 days time-span for the remaining silver to be released at a filtration rate of $ 1000 L/m 2 h. Antibacterial activity tests showed that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated layers do not permit bacterial growth on the membrane surface.
“…2 show that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated 1.5 bilayer membranes in general, with the exception of membrane encoded 0.1-(CHI/ ALG) 1 CHI-PEGylated 0.5Ag, display a lower surface roughness compared to that of AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated single layer membranes. Decreased surface roughness with increasing number of PEMs have been observed also by Ishigami et al who used LbL assembly to modify a reverse osmosis membrane with poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) polyelectrolytes [29].…”
a b s t r a c tIn this study, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method was employed to modify a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membrane by successive adsorption of chitosan and alginate as cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. To enhance anti-biofouling property, pure, PEG mixed and PEGylated AgCl/TiO 2 xerogels were incorporated solely in the top layer of the LbL-modified membranes. Organic and biological foulings were addressed separately using alginate and Escherichia coli bacteria suspensions as the organic and biological model foulants, respectively. LbL-modifying the commercial PES membrane successively with chitosan and alginate polyelectrolyte multilayers prevented organic fouling extensively. In addition, we found that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated membranes show higher water permeability and improved resistance to biological fouling as compared to the PES membrane. Silver amounts in consecutively collected permeate samples were quantified by ICP-MS analysis to assess the stability of AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated layers. Silver loss per filtration cycle followed an increasing trend initially, up to a filtration volume totaling 3000 L/m 2 , leading to 4.2% reduction in the immobilized silver amount. After that, silver loss per filtration cycle stabilized at $ 7.44 μg/L, which extrapolates to $ 265 days time-span for the remaining silver to be released at a filtration rate of $ 1000 L/m 2 h. Antibacterial activity tests showed that AgCl/TiO 2 -incorporated layers do not permit bacterial growth on the membrane surface.
“…RO membranes can be fouled when pores are clogged by precipitates, microorganisms, or adsorption of organic materials on the membrane surface ( Van der Bruggen et al 2003b). Fouling propensity can be reduced by smoothing membrane surface morphology, which happens by polyelectrolyte deposition (Ishigami et al 2012) and by incorporating hydrophilic functional groups on the membrane surface ( Van der Bruggen et al 2003a;Vrijenhoek et al 2001). Adding anti-scaling agents, reversing the feed flow, lowering pH, reducing water recovery rates, and pretreating the water with microfiltration or ultrafiltration, controls membrane scaling (Drewes et al 2009;ITRC 2010;Pangarkar et al 2011).…”
Coal mine water (CMW) is typically treated to remove suspended solids, acidity, and soluble metals, but high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) have been reported to impact the environment at several CMW discharge points. Consequently, various states have established TDS wastewater regulations and the US EPA has proposed a benchmark conductivity limit to reduce TDS impacts in streams near mining sites. Traditional CMW treatment effectively removes some TDS components, but is not effective in removing major salt ions due to their higher solubility. This paper describes the basic principles, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of various TDS removal technologies (adsorption, bioremediation, capacitive deionization, desalination, distillation, electrochemical ion exchange, electrocoagulation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, membrane filtration, precipitation, and reverse osmosis) that have at least been tested in benchand pilot-scale experiments.
“…The mechanism by which the polyelectrolyte layer resists SiO 2 nanoparticle sorption is generally attributed to its high charge density and thus electrostatic repulsion of negatively charged particles [26]. Other factors which may play a role are polyelectrolyte chain mobility and high steric exclusion volume in water which suppress sorption of nanoparticles at the polyelectrolyte protected surface of PDMS [24].…”
Section: Preparation Of Polyelectrolyte-modified Pdmsmentioning
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