Fouling and Paint Behavior on Naval Surface Ships after Multiple Underwater Cleaning Cycles

Cologer, Christopher P.; Preiser, H. S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9720-9_27

“…Many measures such as dry biomass, species or taxa richness, species diversity, and percentage cover of biofouling organisms upon a vessel's hull have been used to assess both the performance of antifouling paints and to better understand biofouling processes (Visscher 1928;Pyefinch 1950;Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952;Cologer & Preiser 1981), and to identify vessels and hull locations that present biosecurity risks (Skerman 1960;Huang etal. 1979;Rainer 1995;Coutts 1999;James & Hayden 2000;Godwin & Eldredge 2001;Gollasch 2002;Minchin & Gollasch 2003; this study).…”

Section: Biosecurity Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary investigation of biosecurity risks associated with biofouling on merchant vessels in New Zealand

Coutts¹,

Taylor

²

2004

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Biofouling on international vessels is an important mechanism for the inadvertent transfer of non-indigenous marine species around the globe. This paper describes the nature and extent of biofouling on 30 merchant vessels (ranging from 1400 to 32 000 gross registered tonnes) based on analysis of hull inspection video footage collected by two New Zealand commercial diving companies. A new method for measuring biofouling communities is applied, which aims to incorporate the potential for various hull locations to house non-indigenous marine species. Our analysis revealed that out-of-service vessels and vessels plying trans-Tasman routes possessed greater levels of biofouling than more active vessels. Dry-docking support strips and sea-chest gratings generally had the highest levels of biofouling and may pose relatively high biosecurity risks. Any future biosecurity surveillance should target these hull locations for non-indigenous species.

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“…Many measures such as dry biomass, species or taxa richness, species diversity, and percentage cover of biofouling organisms upon a vessel's hull have been used to assess both the performance of anti-fouling coatings and to gain a better understanding of the biofouling processes (Visscher 1928;Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Cologer and Preiser 1981), and to identify vessels and hull locations that present biosecurity risks Huang et al 1979;; ; this study).…”

Section: Biosecurity Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature, Extent and Survivorship of Biofouling Organisms at Different Hull Locations on Various Vessel Types

Coutts¹

0

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The importance of vessel biofouling as a vector for the dispersal of non-indigenousmarine species (NIMS) is only just beginning to receive international attention. At thetime of commencing this study, there was a considerable lack of knowledge surroundingwhich vessels, hull locations, levels and types of biofouling pose the greatestbiosecurity risk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the nature, extentand survivorship of biofouling organisms on various vessel types at different hulllocations and offers a pragmatic risk assessment approach for managing this threat. The results of this thesis found that the recruitment, persistence, distribution, abundanceand species composition of biofouling on vessel hulls is influenced by many factorsincluding: 1) the presence/absence, age and type of anti-fouling coating; 2) voyageduration and route; and 3) port residency period. Therefore, higher levels of biofouling(species richness, percentage cover, and biomass), including NIMS are more likely toaccumulate and persist on vessels (and in hull locations) that: 1) lack and/or possess old,ineffective, damaged, inappropriate or unsuitable anti-fouling coatings; 2) spendprolonged periods stationary in ports; 3) travel at slow speeds (i.e. <10 knots); 4) haveshort voyage durations; and 5) remain at similar latitudes. Prevention is clearly better than a cure, hence the correct application and maintenanceof suitable anti-fouling coatings to the entire submerged hull surface of vessel hulls,including niche areas is the most cost-effective way of minimising the unwantedtranslocation of biofouling organisms and NIMS. However, the results of this thesisdemonstrate that if biofouling organisms colonise and establish on a vessel's hull,voyage speed alone is not capable of providing a reliable secondary level of defenceagainst the unwanted dispersal of NIMS. Clearly, the survivorship of biofoulingorganisms was highest amongst vessels that travelled at slow and medium speeds (e.g. <10 knots). Therefore, given that accumulation of biofouling follows a successionalprocess and NIMS are more likely to be associated with higher levels of biofouling,vessels that travel at slow and medium speeds are more likely to pose the greatest riskof translocating NIMS on a vessel by vessel scale. However, despite the observationthat faster vessels reduce the diversity, quantity and quality of sessile biofoulingorganisms in laminar flow areas of the hull, a wide range of sessile, sedentary andmobile organisms were still cable of survival in areas protected from harsh hydrodynamically forces commonly referred to as niche areas, particularly within sea-chests.

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“…Many measures such as dry biomass, species or taxa richness, species diversity, and percentage cover of biofouling organisms upon a vessel's hull have been used to assess both the performance of anti-fouling coatings and to gain a better understanding of the biofouling processes (Visscher 1928;Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952; Cologer and Preiser 1981), and to identify vessels and hull locations that present biosecurity risks Huang et al 1979;; ; this study).…”

Section: Biosecurity Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature, Extent and Survivorship of Biofouling Organisms at Different Hull Locations on Various Vessel Types

Coutts¹

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The importance of vessel biofouling as a vector for the dispersal of non-indigenousmarine species (NIMS) is only just beginning to receive international attention. At thetime of commencing this study, there was a considerable lack of knowledge surroundingwhich vessels, hull locations, levels and types of biofouling pose the greatestbiosecurity risk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the nature, extentand survivorship of biofouling organisms on various vessel types at different hulllocations and offers a pragmatic risk assessment approach for managing this threat. The results of this thesis found that the recruitment, persistence, distribution, abundanceand species composition of biofouling on vessel hulls is influenced by many factorsincluding: 1) the presence/absence, age and type of anti-fouling coating; 2) voyageduration and route; and 3) port residency period. Therefore, higher levels of biofouling(species richness, percentage cover, and biomass), including NIMS are more likely toaccumulate and persist on vessels (and in hull locations) that: 1) lack and/or possess old,ineffective, damaged, inappropriate or unsuitable anti-fouling coatings; 2) spendprolonged periods stationary in ports; 3) travel at slow speeds (i.e. <10 knots); 4) haveshort voyage durations; and 5) remain at similar latitudes. Prevention is clearly better than a cure, hence the correct application and maintenanceof suitable anti-fouling coatings to the entire submerged hull surface of vessel hulls,including niche areas is the most cost-effective way of minimising the unwantedtranslocation of biofouling organisms and NIMS. However, the results of this thesisdemonstrate that if biofouling organisms colonise and establish on a vessel's hull,voyage speed alone is not capable of providing a reliable secondary level of defenceagainst the unwanted dispersal of NIMS. Clearly, the survivorship of biofoulingorganisms was highest amongst vessels that travelled at slow and medium speeds (e.g. <10 knots). Therefore, given that accumulation of biofouling follows a successionalprocess and NIMS are more likely to be associated with higher levels of biofouling,vessels that travel at slow and medium speeds are more likely to pose the greatest riskof translocating NIMS on a vessel by vessel scale. However, despite the observationthat faster vessels reduce the diversity, quantity and quality of sessile biofoulingorganisms in laminar flow areas of the hull, a wide range of sessile, sedentary andmobile organisms were still cable of survival in areas protected from harsh hydrodynamically forces commonly referred to as niche areas, particularly within sea-chests.

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Fouling and Paint Behavior on Naval Surface Ships after Multiple Underwater Cleaning Cycles

Cited by 5 publications

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A preliminary investigation of biosecurity risks associated with biofouling on merchant vessels in New Zealand

A preliminary investigation of biosecurity risks associated with biofouling on merchant vessels in New Zealand

The Nature, Extent and Survivorship of Biofouling Organisms at Different Hull Locations on Various Vessel Types

The Nature, Extent and Survivorship of Biofouling Organisms at Different Hull Locations on Various Vessel Types

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