Fostering a Democratic Culture: Lessons for the Eastern Neighbourhood

Abstract

Political culture is the values, beliefs, and emotions that members of a society express about the political regime and their role in it (Pickering, 2022, p. 5). Norms, values, attitudes and practices considered integral to a “culture of democracy”, according to the Council of Europe, include: a commitment to public deliberation, discussion, and the free expression of opinions; a commitment to electoral rules; the rule of law; and the protection of minority rights; peaceful conflict resolution. The consolidation of democracy involves not only institutional change, but also instilling a democratic culture in a society (Balčytienė, 2021). Research on democratic consolidation in various countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) finds that a key impediment to consolidation is the persistence of old, authoritarian political culture that undermines political and civic participation. This rapid review looks at aspects of democratic culture and potential ways to foster it, focusing on educational initiatives and opportunities for civic action — which comprise much of the literature on developing the values, attitudes and behaviours of democracy. Discussion on the strengthening of democratic institutions or assistance to electoral processes is outside the scope of the report.

Internationalisation of Education: Focus on Central Asia and Eastern Neighbourhood

“…The study also finds that education explains 40 percent of extreme poverty reduction (Gethin, 2023, p.29). 6 Education has also reduced gender inequality, accounting for over half of the rise in the share of labour income accruing to women (Gethin, 2023, p. 54 (Berde & Kurbanova, 2023;UNFPA, 2015). However, there are ongoing issues with the quality of education and enrolment in HE remains low (Berde & Kurbanova, 2023;UNFPA, 2015).…”