Fossil flowers with Normapolles pollen from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern North America

Sims, Hallie J.; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Lupia, Richard; Christopher, Raymond A.; Crane, Peter R.

doi:10.1016/s0034-6667(99)00008-1

Cited by 62 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Fossils used as calibration points are mostly mesofossils placed with high confidence in their respective phylogenetic position and time frame (Table S3) (47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62). The fossil record for Caryophyllales is scarce.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages

Arakaki

Christin

Nyffeler

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

472

483

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The cacti are one of the most celebrated radiations of succulent plants. There has been much speculation about their age, but progress in dating cactus origins has been hindered by the lack of fossil data for cacti or their close relatives. Using a hybrid phylogenomic approach, we estimated that the cactus lineage diverged from its closest relatives ≈35 million years ago (Ma). However, major diversification events in cacti were more recent, with most species-rich clades originating in the late Miocene, ≈10-5 Ma. Diversification rates of several cactus lineages rival other estimates of extremely rapid speciation in plants. Major cactus radiations were contemporaneous with those of South African ice plants and North American agaves, revealing a simultaneous diversification of several of the world's major succulent plant lineages across multiple continents. This short geological time period also harbored the majority of origins of C 4 photosynthesis and the global rise of C 4 grasslands. A global expansion of arid environments during this time could have provided new ecological opportunity for both succulent and C 4 plant syndromes. Alternatively, recent work has identified a substantial decline in atmospheric CO 2 ≈15-8 Ma, which would have strongly favored C 4 evolution and expansion of C 4 -dominated grasslands. Lowered atmospheric CO 2 would also substantially exacerbate plant water stress in marginally arid environments, providing preadapted succulent plants with a sharp advantage in a broader set of ecological conditions and promoting their rapid diversification across the landscape.climate change | paleobotany | CAM photosynthesis P lants are generally classified as succulent when they exhibit pronounced water storage in one or more organs. High degrees of succulence are most often associated with a suite of other characteristics that together confer survival in water-limited environments. This "succulent syndrome" usually includes a shallow root system that permits rapid uptake of unpredictable precipitation; a thick, waxy cuticle that prevents excessive water loss; and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), an alternative photosynthetic pathway that allows plants to uptake atmospheric CO 2 at night when water loss is minimized (1). Although some 30 plant lineages have been classified as succulent, only a small subset of those are species-rich and ecologically important elements of arid and semiarid ecosystems worldwide. These lineages include the ice plants (Aizoaceae, ≈2,000 spp), the spurges (Euphorbia, ≈2,100 spp., ≈650 of which are succulent), the stonecrops (Crassulaceae, ≈1,400 spp.), the aloes (Aloe, ≈400 spp.), the agaves (Agave, ≈200 spp.), the stapeliads and asclepiads (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae, ≈3,700 spp., ≈1,150 of which are succulent) and especially the cacti (Cactaceae, ≈1,850 spp.) (2).The cacti represent the most spectacular New World radiation of succulent plants. Most cacti exhibit a highly specialized life form, with extremely succulent, photosynthetic stems and leaves that have been mo...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages

Arakaki

Christin

Nyffeler

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

472

483

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“…We chose four fossil constraints that were also used in the most recent and comprehensive angiosperm-wide temporal analyses and were in accordance with Magallón et al (2015). Following Njuguna et al (2013), the minimum age for the Prunus/Malus split was set to 48.4 mya (Benedict et al, 2011) and the Castanea/Cucumis split to 84 mya (Sims et al, 1999;Moore et al, 2010). Following Bell et al (2010), the minimum age for Mangifera/Citrus was set to 65 mya (Knobloch and Mai, 1986) and for Oenothera/Eucalyptus to 88.2 mya (Takahashi et al, 1999).…”

Section: Divergence Time Estimation and Fossil Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-Calibrated Road Map of Brassicaceae Species Radiation and Evolutionary History

et al. 2015

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The Brassicaceae include several major crop plants and numerous important model species in comparative evolutionary research such as Arabidopsis, Brassica, Boechera, Thellungiella, and Arabis species. As any evolutionary hypothesis needs to be placed in a temporal context, reliably dated major splits within the evolution of Brassicaceae are essential. We present a comprehensive time-calibrated framework with important divergence time estimates based on whole-chloroplast sequence data for 29 Brassicaceae species. Diversification of the Brassicaceae crown group started at the Eocene-to-Oligocene transition. Subsequent major evolutionary splits are dated to ;20 million years ago, coinciding with the Oligocene-toMiocene transition, with increasing drought and aridity and transient glaciation events. The age of the Arabidopsis thaliana crown group is 6 million years ago, at the Miocene and Pliocene border. The overall species richness of the family is well explained by high levels of neopolyploidy (43% in total), but this trend is neither directly associated with an increase in genome size nor is there a general lineage-specific constraint. Our results highlight polyploidization as an important source for generating new evolutionary lineages adapted to changing environments. We conclude that species radiation, paralleled by high levels of neopolyploidization, follows genome size decrease, stabilization, and genetic diploidization.

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“…Flowers are not common at the locality and in situ pollens are rarer in fruits. In some published cases the parent plant of some Normapolles-related pollen forms is known (Tschudi 1975;Batten and Christopher 1981;Friis 1983;Crane et al 1989;Sims et al 1999;Friis et al 1999;Friis et al 2006). From the Iharkút material, the pollen Plicapollis is known to represent the parent plant Caryanthus (Tschudi 1975;Friis 1983;Friis et al 2009).…”

Section: Systematic Assignmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palynomorphs of the Normapolles group and related plant mesofossils from the Iharkút vertebrate site, Bakony Mountains (Hungary)

Bodor¹,

Baranyi²

2012

Central European Geology

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Palynological and paleobotanical investigation of bonebeds and other strata of the Csehbánya Formation from the vertebrate locality at Iharkút (Bakony Mts, Hungary) reveals well-preserved Santonian palynological assemblages dominated by the Normapolles group, with a minor component consisting of other angiosperm pollen, some gymnosperm pollen, and spores. Eleven species of Normapolles-type pollen grains belonging to seven genera and fruit remains of a new taxon, Sphaeracostata barbackae gen. et sp. nov., are described. The new species is very abundant in the material, represented by ca. 1000 specimens. The genus Caryanthus Friis and an unnamed form previously reported from Haţeg by Lindfors et al. (2010) are also present.Plants producing Normapolles-type pollen grains diversified during the Late Cretaceous, with a bloom in the Santonian. The palynostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial sediments in the studied region is based on Normapolles-related species. The studied assemblage is assigned to the Oculopollis zaklinskaiae-Tetracolporopollenites (Brecolpites) globosus Zone (or Zone C) indicating a late Santonian age. Comparison of the Iharkút palynoflora with other known Upper Cretaceous palynofloras of Central Europe shows diachronous occurrence of Normapolles taxa at different geographic localities and warrants further investigation.The ecological requirements of the amphibian fauna reflect azonal conditions controlled by the availability of water, which is in agreement with the inferred ecological conditions based on the paleobotanical investigations. The fauna is of entirely non-marine character, further supported by isotope studies, in line with our data showing that the palynological samples contain no marine forms.

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Fossil flowers with Normapolles pollen from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern North America

Cited by 62 publications

References 41 publications

Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages

Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages

A Time-Calibrated Road Map of Brassicaceae Species Radiation and Evolutionary History

Palynomorphs of the Normapolles group and related plant mesofossils from the Iharkút vertebrate site, Bakony Mountains (Hungary)

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