Forty Years Since the Structural Elucidation of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF): Historical, Current, and Future Research Perspectives

Lordan, Ronan; Τσούπρας, Αλέξανδρος; Demopoulos, Constantinos A.

doi:10.3390/molecules24234414

Cited by 106 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 275 publications

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“…PAF is a phospholipid mediator that acts through specific membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in several cells, including platelets, namely the PAF-receptor (PAF-R) [ 15 ]. Binding of PAF on its receptor activates specific signalling pathways implicated in inflammatory and thrombotic activation of platelets and several other cells, including leucocytes and endothelial cells, during atherosclerotic and atherothrombotic events in CVD and other inflammation-related chronic disorders [ 2 , 3 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Elucidation of Irish Ale Bioactive Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Properties

et al. 2020

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The structures of bioactive polar lipids (PLs) of Irish ale with potent antithrombotic and cardioprotective properties were elucidated. Ale PL was fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) into subclasses, and their antithrombotic effect was assessed against human platelet aggregation induced by the pro-inflammatory mediator, platelet-activating factor (PAF). The fatty acid content and the overall structures of ale PL were elucidated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Phosphatidylcholines (PC) and molecules of the sphingomyelin (SM) family exhibited the strongest anti-PAF effects, followed by phosphatidylethanolamines (PE). PC contained higher amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and thus the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio. Bioactive diacyl and alkyl-acyl PC and PE molecules bearing n-3 PUFA at their sn-2 position, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) but mostly oleic acid (OA), were identified in both PC and PE subclasses. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was present only in bioactive PC molecules and not in PE, explaining the lower anti-PAF effects of PE. Bioactive sphingolipid and glycolipid molecules with reported anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties, such as specific ceramides and glucosylcerebrosides with sphingosine, phytosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine bases but also specific monogalactodiglycerides and SM species bearing ALA at their sn-2 position, were identified in the SM subclass, providing a rational for its strong bioactivities against the PAF pathway. Further studies are required on the health benefits of bioactive PL from beer and brewery by-products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Elucidation of Irish Ale Bioactive Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Properties

et al. 2020

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“…Notably, most national dietary guidelines support these same nutritional patterns, whereby high fruit, vegetable, nuts, dairy, and fish intake is promoted (48). These foods are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties as highlighted in Table 1 (41,60,(82)(83)(84)(85). These include phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, carotenes, alkaloids, terpenes, peptides, and bioactive lipid molecules.…”

Section: Foods and Nutrients With Antithrombotic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombosis and COVID-19: The Potential Role of Nutrition

2020

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is a contagion that has rapidly spread around the globe. COVID-19 has caused significant loss of life and disrupted global society at a level never before encountered. While the disease was predominantly characterized by respiratory symptoms initially, it became clear that other systems including the cardiovascular and neurological systems were also involved. Several thrombotic complications were reported including venous thrombosis, vasculitis, cardiomyopathy, and stroke. Thrombosis and inflammation are implicated in various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This is of significant concern as people with pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are at greater risk of severe COVID-19 infection. Consequently, the research surrounding the use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet, and antithrombotic strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 is of critical importance. The adoption of a healthy diet, physical exercise, and lifestyle choices can reduce the risk factors associated with NCDs and the thrombo-inflammatory complications. In this review, these thrombotic complications and potential foods, nutraceuticals, and the antithrombotic constituents within that may prevent the onset of severe thrombotic complications as a result of infection are discussed. While nutrition is not a panacea to tackle COVID-19, it is apparent that a patient's nutritional status may affect patient outcomes. Further intensive research is warranted to reduce to incidence of thrombotic complications.

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“…Since PAF research became interdisciplinary and expanded to virtually all areas of biochemistry and medicine, after 21 years the PAF congresses stopped being organized as much of the research surrounding PAF were disseminated at various international conferences. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to reignite these congresses and five years ago, on February 2015 in Tokyo Japan, the lipid mediator PAF communications were presented in special sessions at the "6th International Conference on Phospholipase A2 and Lipid Mediators" [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) a Missing Link for Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Explaining the Side Effects-Complications of COVID-19 Disease?

Demopoulos¹

2020

Preprint

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Purpose of this article is to project from the point of view of the scientific data concerning PAF and as a new approach by involving PAF, in order to contribute to clarification and proposal a possible mechanism of action of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and to give a possible explanation for its observed side effects-complications of Covid-19 disease. The article is not intended to suggest any specific drugs, but clarifying the mechanism is the first step in illuminating the direction of prescribing the targets of medication that may be appropriate for the prevention, treatment, and cure of Covid-19 disease. More specifically, the purpose of this article is to provide unequivocal evidence indicating that: 1 It would not be unexpected for PAFR to participate in the entry of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 into the cell. 2 There is interdependence and relationship of the receptors ACER and PAFR, which means the involvement of PAF in the processes related to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 as well as to its effects exercised by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. 3 The receptors ACER, PAFR and TLRs are also involved in inflammation as well as in virus binding to stabilize and enter into the cell, and so they are "communicating vessels" with PAF being " a missing link" 4 Consequently there is a correlations of COVID-19 disease manifestations and biological characteristics with those caused by PAF, which shows the involvement of PAF in COVID-19 disease.

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Forty Years Since the Structural Elucidation of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF): Historical, Current, and Future Research Perspectives

Cited by 106 publications

References 275 publications

Structural Elucidation of Irish Ale Bioactive Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Properties

Structural Elucidation of Irish Ale Bioactive Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Properties

Thrombosis and COVID-19: The Potential Role of Nutrition

Is Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) a Missing Link for Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Explaining the Side Effects-Complications of COVID-19 Disease?

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