Fortunella japonica extract as a reducing agent for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Abstract

A rapid way of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by treating Ag+ ions with a green Fortunella Japonica (F.J.) extract as a combined reducing and stabilizing agent was investigated. The reaction solutions were monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy, the size and shape of crystals were determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the crystalline phases of AgNPs were presented by X–ray diffraction, and the relation of nanoparticles with Fortunella Japonica extract was confirmed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that no formation of AgNPs had taken place in the dark during 24 hours at room temperature and 40 oC. Meanwhile, it was found that the rate of AgNPs formation increased rapidly under the sunlight. The effects of the synthesis factors on the AgNPs formation were investigated. The suitable conditions for the synthesis of AgNPs using F.J. extract were determined as follows: F.J. extract was mixed with AgNO3 1.75 mM solution with the volume ratio of 3.5 AgNO3 solution/1.5 F.J. Extract, stirred 300 rpm for 150 minutes at 40 oC under sunlight illumination. At these conditions, AgNPs showed high crystalline structure with the average size of 15.9 nm. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was determined by agar well diffusion method against E. coli and B. subtilis bacteria. The green synthesized AgNPs performed high antibacterial activity against both bacteria.

Positive Effects of the Ultrasound on Biosynthesis, Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using <i>Fortunella Japonica</i>

“…FJ extracts and the solution of AgNPs were prepared base on our previous work. 15) Silver nitrate (AgNO 3 , Merck, >99.8%) purchased from Merck was used as a precursor for AgNPs synthesis. To test the effect of ultrasonic homogenization method on AgNPs synthesis, the experiments were conducted at the suitable conditions, determined in our previous work.…”

“…To test the effect of ultrasonic homogenization method on AgNPs synthesis, the experiments were conducted at the suitable conditions, determined in our previous work. 15) FJ extract was mixed with AgNO 3 1.75 mM solution with the volume ratio of 3.5 AgNO 3 solution/1.5 F.J. Extract, stirred 300 rpm for 150 minutes at 40°C under sunlight illumination.…”

“…The characteristics of AgNPs samples were determined by the techniques detailed in our previous works. 15,16) The obtained AgNPs samples have been tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922, B. subtilis ATCC 6633 and B. cereus ATCC 14579 using an agar well diffusion method. 16) The results were read by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone (mm) around the agar.…”

“…Further increase in synthesis duration did not exhibit any significant increase in absorption value. Compared with AgNPs synthesized by stirring-assisted method with the optimal synthesis duration of 150 minutes, 15) this duration was 60 minutes shorter. This seems to be an interesting approach towards the more rapidly and ecofriendly AgNPs synthesis.…”

“…In the previous studies. 15,16) AgNPs were synthesized from aqueous silver nitrate solution using Lemon Citrus Latifolia (LCL) and Fortunella Japonica (FJ ) extracts by stirring-assisted method. The reduction accomplished principally due to the combination of different components (LCL, FJ extracts) and sunlight illumination played a vital role in AgNPs formation.…”