Fortified human milk in the small for gestational age neonate

Gathwala, Geeta; Chawla, M S; Gehlaut, Veena Singh

doi:10.1007/s12098-007-0144-5

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Two randomized controlled trials from India evaluated the effect of currently available fortifier (0.4 g/100 mL) on growth and biochemical parameters. Better growth parameters and biochemical indices (14,15) were achieved in the fortification group as compared to infants who received unfortified human milk. This fortifier being low in protein content, however, fails to meet the recommended protein needs of VLBW infants and extrauterine growth retardation is common (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Differential Enteral Protein on Growth and Neurodevelopment in Infants <1500 g

Dogra

Thakur

Garg

et al. 2017

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Differential Enteral Protein on Growth and Neurodevelopment in Infants <1500 g

Dogra

Thakur

Garg

et al. 2017

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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“…Erasmus et al reported no difference in anthropometry at the fourth week between the lactase (Lactaid drops) treated group and untreated fortified HM or preterm formula. In contrast, the study among term SGA infants supplemented with HM fortified with lactase (Lactodex) reported an improvement in weight gain (38.7 vs. 28.7 g/d, p < 0.001) and length gain (1.14 vs. 0.87 cm/wk, p < 0.01) at the fourth week [37].…”

Section: Lactase Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Two studies assessed the effect of lactase fortification on anthropometry [34,37]. Erasmus et al focused on preterm, while Gathwala et al studied term small for gestational age (SGA) infants.…”

Section: Lactase Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Rana

McGrath²,

Gupta

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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(1) Introduction: Current evidence on managing infants under six months with growth failure or other nutrition-related risk is sparse and low quality. This review aims to inform research priorities to fill this evidence gap, focusing on breastfeeding practices. (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane Library for studies on feeding interventions that aim to restore or improve the volume or quality of breastmilk and breastfeeding when breastfeeding practices are sub-optimal or prematurely stopped. We included studies from both low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. (3) Results: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were from high-income countries (n = 35, 74.5%) and included infants who were at risk of growth failure at birth (preterm infants/small for gestational age) and newborns with early growth faltering. Interventions included formula fortification or supplementation (n = 31, 66%), enteral feeds (n = 8, 17%), cup feeding (n = 2, 4.2%), and other (n = 6, 12.8%). Outcomes included anthropometric change (n = 40, 85.1%), reported feeding practices (n = 16, 34%), morbidity (n = 11, 23.4%), and mortality (n = 5, 10.6%). Of 31 studies that assessed formula fortification or supplementation, 30 reported anthropometric changes (n = 17 no effect, n = 9 positive, n = 4 mixed), seven morbidity (n = 3 no effect, n = 2 positive, n = 2 negative), five feeding (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), and four mortality (n = 3 no effect, n = 1 negative). Of eight studies that assessed enteral feed interventions, seven reported anthropometric changes (n = 4 positive, n = 3 no effect), five feeding practices (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), four morbidity (n = 4 no effect), and one reported mortality (n = 1 no effect). Overall, interventions with positive effects on feeding practices were cup feeding compared to bottle-feeding among preterm; nasogastric tube feed compared to bottle-feeding among low birth weight preterm; and early progressive feeding compared to delayed feeding among extremely low birth weight preterm. Bovine/cow milk feeding and high volume feeding interventions had an unfavourable effect, while electric breast pump and Galactagogue had a mixed effect. Regarding anthropometric outcomes, overall, macronutrient fortified formula, cream supplementation, and fortified human milk formula had a positive effect (weight gain) on preterm infants. Interventions comparing human breastmilk/donor milk with formula had mixed effects. Overall, only human milk compared to formula intervention had a positive effect on morbidity among preterm infants, while none of the interventions had any positive effect on mortality. Bovine/cow milk supplementation had unfavourable effects on both morbidity and mortality. (4) Conclusion: Future research should prioritise low- and middle-income countries, include infants presenting with growth failure in the post-neonatal period and record effects on morbidity and mortality outcomes.

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Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants

Brown

Lin

Embleton

et al. 2020

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Human breast milk-fed preterm infants can accumulate nutrient deficits leading to extrauterine growth restriction. Feeding preterm infants with multi-nutrient fortified human milk could increase nutrient accretion and growth rates and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. Concern exists, however, that multi-nutrient fortifiers are associated with adverse events such as feed intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis. Objectives To determine whether multi-nutrient fortified human milk, compared with unfortified human milk, a ects important outcomes (including growth rate and neurodevelopment) of preterm infants without increasing the risk of adverse e ects (such as feed intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis).

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Fortified human milk in the small for gestational age neonate

Abstract: Fortified breast milk results in improved physical growth in the term asymmetric small for gestational age neonate.

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of Differential Enteral Protein on Growth and Neurodevelopment in Infants <1500 g

Effect of Differential Enteral Protein on Growth and Neurodevelopment in Infants <1500 g

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants

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