Fortification of common salt with iron: use of polyphosphate stabilisers

Ranganathan, S.

doi:10.1016/0308-8146(92)90158-x

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Dependence on pH was marked for aluminum sulfate but not for the other polyelectrolytes (chitosan and polyacrylamide). common salt (CS) with potassium iodate and calcium carbonate, as reported earlier (Ranganathan andNarasinga Rao 1986, Ranganathan andSundaresan 1997). The iodine concentration was 30 parts per million (PPM).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…20, 3 (1998) FIG . visually, they form complexes/chelates which are distinctly different from one another. Such complexes will not interfere in the bioavailability of respective micronutrient components of these salts (Ranganathan 1992, Narasinga Rao 1994. Thus, SEM has clearly shown for the first time (to our understanding) that the fortified salts are ultrastructurally different due to chemical reaction although they are prepared by a simple physical mixing process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The iodine concentration was 30 parts per million (PPM). Iron-fortified salt was prepared from common salt, FSHH (0.5%), and SHMP (0.5%) at an iron concentration of 1000 ppm by dry mixing process (Ranganathan 1992, Ranganathan et al 1993. Double-fortified salt was prepared by dry mixing of common salt, FSHH (0.5%), SHMP (1%), and potassium iodate (0.05%) with an iron level of 1000 ppm and an iodine level of 30 ppm (Narasinga Rao 1994, Ranganathan et al 1996.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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1998

Scanning

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During recent years, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has become an essential tool in materials science. It does not only allow an ultimate analysis of the surface structure, but also unique procedures such as material deposition, initiation of chemical reactions, mechanical structuring as well as manipulation of atoms, molecules, and clusters. Practically important phenomena such as friction, adhesion, and surface diffusion can be studied on the microscopic scale.A review of results on several different subjects studied during the last years by application of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and scanning force microscopy (SFM) is summarised below. Si(111) surfaces, the thermal stability of these clusters, and single electron tunnelling through these clusters: By application voltage pulses between tip and sample of a UHV-STM, clusters with a diameter between 3 and several hundred nanometers have been generated on Si(111) surfaces. The clusters are stable during 24 h and, at small clusters, Coulomb staircase effects have been observed. Local deposition of Al and Au clusters atMechanical structuring of gold surfaces and the measurement of surface self diffusion constants by detection of the decay of surface profiles: By nano-ploughing with an SFM, periodical grids have been produced on polycrystalline Au surfaces. From the decay of the profile amplitude as a function of the annealing time, 1,2 the surface diffusion constant and the activation energy for surface diffusion processes were derived according to the theory of Mullins. 3 Dynamics of gold cluster systems grown out of 10 nm thick gold films deposited on SiO x -surfaces of Si-wafers: Ostwald ripening processes 4,5 and the appearance of depletion zones have been observed by SFM. The size of the clusters and the cluster density have been measured as a function of annealing time in order to prove the growth laws.Temperature and time dependence of the topography of nanocrystalline Au: The growth of the grains and the determination of grain boundary root angles have been analysed with an SFM in air. Above 300°C annealing temperature, a fast grain growth was observed. The change of the mean grain diameter as a function of annealing time and temperature 2 was compared with the theory as discussed by Suryanarayana. 5,6 The structure of Al-cluster systems grown by the StranskiKrastanov mode at Si(111) surfaces: After deposition of 1-2 monolayers of Al at room temperature and subsequent annealing at 750 K, Al islands are grown forming the δ-phase as identified by SFM measurements. 7 Topography and magnetic analysis of (Fe/Mo) multilayer systems: For the first time layered structures could be analysed with an SFM by analysing the wall of a shallow crater produced by ion sputtering. The layered magnetic structure could also be detected by this method. At the untreated surface, the roughness has been measured as a function temperature. Cluster growth by Ostwald ripening processes was observed for annealing temperatures ≥ 500°C.Temperature dependence of the str...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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1998

Scanning

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“…The iodine concentration was 30 parts per million (PPM). Iron-fortified salt was prepared from common salt, FSHH (0.5%), and SHMP (0.5%) at an iron concentration of 1000 ppm by dry mixing process (Ranganathan 1992, Ranganathan et al 1993). Double-fortified salt was prepared by dry mixing of common salt, FSHH (0.5%), SHMP (1%), and potassium iodate (0.05%) with an iron level of 1000 ppm and an iodine level of 30 ppm (Narasinga Rao 1994, Ranganathan et al 1996.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20, 3 (1998) visually, they form complexes/chelates which are distinctly different from one another. Such complexes will not interfere in the bioavailability of respective micronutrient components of these salts (Ranganathan 1992, Narasinga Rao 1994. Thus, SEM has clearly shown for the first time (to our understanding) that the fortified salts are ultrastructurally different due to chemical reaction although they are prepared by a simple physical mixing process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proceedings of scanning 98 Baltimore, Maryland, USA

1998

Scanning

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at ambient conditions (the whole tunneling region embedded within the isotropic phase of a liquid crystal) (Walzer and Hietschold 1996), but the tunneling spectroscopy shows only very weakly developed features in this case.A combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy study has illustrated several aspects and roles of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (and tail-functionalized alkanethiolate SAM) in nanochemistry. These include strategies for preparation of SAMs with a high degree of perfection on nanometer length scales, and the nature and relative stability of different polymorphs of SAMs. In addition, the role of ultra-low current (<1 pA) STM in imaging and lithography operations on SAMs will be discussed. Proceedings of SCANNING 98 133 the sample is at least as great as that of an FFM pushing on the surface with a 30 nN force.

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Optimization of the color masking and coating unit operations for microencapsulating ferrous fumarate for double fortification of salt

Modupe

Diósady

2022

J Food Sci Technol

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A new coating formulation was developed to eliminate the factor that caused black spots on the iron premix surface, used for making Double Fortified Salt. The formulation is a suspension of titanium dioxide in soy stearin, prepared with ethanol and dichloromethane and applied with a glass sprayer and pan coater. 0–20% w/w titanium dioxide was suspended in 10% w/w soy stearin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Coating with a suspension of 15% w/w TiO2 in 10% w/w soy stearin ensured that all the TiO2 adheres to the premix surface, giving no chance for the recycling of iron contaminated TiO2, which caused the black spot. The new coating formulation ensured that over 90% iodine in Double Fortified Salt was retained after 6 months at 45 °C, 60–70% RH. The whiteness of the premix (L* = 86.4) matched the Double Fortified Salt whiteness (L* = 86.8). Thus, making the new coating method as effective as the previous in desirable characteristics. More so, the new coating method simplifies the existing method by merging the previous color masking, and double coating steps into one step.

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Fortification of common salt with iron: use of polyphosphate stabilisers

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Untitled

Untitled

Proceedings of scanning 98 Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Optimization of the color masking and coating unit operations for microencapsulating ferrous fumarate for double fortification of salt

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