Fortification of Bread with Iodized Salt Corrected Iodine Deficiency in School-Aged Children, But Not in Their Mothers: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in Belgium

Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Mourri, Ahmed Bensouda; Amsalkhir, Sihame; Avni, Freddy; Oyen, Herman Van; Moreno‐Reyes, Rodrigo

doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0016

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Median fasting morning urinary iodine levels in our cohort are in agreement with acknowledged mild iodine deficiency in Belgium (53,54). Uncorrected urinary iodine levels were not associated to thyroid parameters in this cohort, in line with a previous large study (NHANES III) (35).…”

Section: Pz009supporting

confidence: 92%

“…Nevertheless, on a population basis, the impact of iodine on TH levels seems limited in comparison with other known covariates (35). Iodine intake is related to the consumption of dairy products in our population, in agreement with a previous study suggesting that milk is the main source of iodine in Belgium (54). However, we do not observe seasonal variation in urinary iodine or TH levels, in contrast with a recent study of Moreno-Reyes et al (53).…”

Section: Pz009supporting

confidence: 81%

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Heredity and lifestyle in the determination of between-subject variation in thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid men

Roef¹,

Taes

Toye

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Variation in thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations between subjects is greater than in a single subject over a prolonged period of time, suggesting an individual set point for thyroid function. We have previously shown that TH levels within normal range are associated with clinical indices such as bone mass, BMI, and heart rate. The aim of this study on young men was therefore to gain insight into the determinants of variation in TH levels among healthy subjects. Methods: Healthy male siblings (nZ941, 25-45 years) were recruited in a cross-sectional, populationbased study; a history or treatment of thyroid disease and thyroid auto-immunity were exclusion criteria. A complete assessment of TH status was performed (TSH, free thyroxine (FT 4 ), free triiodothyronine (FT 3 ), thyroperoxidase, and thyroglobulin antibodies, reverse T 3 (rT 3 ), thyroidbinding globulin (TBG), and urinary iodine levels). Genotyping was performed by TaqMan and KASP (KBiosciences) genotyping assays. Results: (F)T 4 , rT 3 , and TBG had heritability estimates between 80 and 90%. Estimates were lower for (F)T 3 (60%) and lowest for TSH (49%). Significant associations were observed between different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the thyroid pathway and TSH, FT 4 , ratio FT 3 :FT 4 , and rT 3 . Nevertheless, these SNPs only explain a limited part of the heredity. As to age and lifestyle-related factors, (F)T 3 was negatively related to age and education level, positively to smoking and BMI (all P!0.0001) but not substantially to urinary iodine concentrations. Smoking was also negatively related to TSH and positively to FT 4 . Conclusion: Both genetic and lifestyle-related factors play a role in determining between-subject variation in TH levels in euthyroid young men, although genetic factors seem most important.

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Section: Pz009supporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Pz009supporting

confidence: 81%

Heredity and lifestyle in the determination of between-subject variation in thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid men

Roef¹,

Taes

Toye

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In Belgium, however, attempts to increase the daily iodine intake are not opposed by the authorities and are still voluntary. Therefore, that hypothesis cannot be taken into account to explain the association of ID-TAI (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in women with iron deficiency during early pregnancy: is it altered?

Veltri¹,

Decaillet²,

Kleynen³

et al. 2016

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Thyroid disorders and iron deficiency (ID) are associated with obstetrical and fetal complications. Iron is essential for the normal functioning of thyroid peroxidase (TPO-abs) and ID is frequent during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and dysfunction during the first trimester of pregnancy in women with and without ID. Design: Cross-sectional data analysis of 1900 pregnant women nested within an ongoing prospective collection of pregnant women's data. Method: The study was performed in a single, tertiary referral center. During the first antenatal visit, ferritin, TPO-abs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T 4 (FT 4 ) were measured and age and BMI were recorded. ID was defined as ferritin <15 µg/L, TAI when TPO-abs was >60 kIU/L, and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) when TSH was >2.5 mIU/L. Results: ID was present in 35% of women. Age and BMI were comparable between both groups. In the ID group, the prevalence of TAI and SCH was significantly higher, compared with that in the non-ID group (10% vs 6% and 20% vs 16%; P = 0.011 and 0.049 respectively). Ferritin was inversely correlated with serum TSH (ρ = −0.076; P = 0.001) and positive with FT 4 levels (ρ = 0.112; P < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, ID remained associated with TAI after correction for confounding factors (P = 0.017). The association with SCH was absent after correction for the confounders in the logistic regression model (P = 0.082), but remained present in the linear regression model (P = 0.035). Conclusions: ID was frequent during the first trimester of pregnancy and was associated with a higher prevalence of TAI, higher serum TSH, and lower FT 4 levels.

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“…However, in the Belgian context, low vitamin D levels were equally distributed among women with different backgrounds [65]. Furthermore, urinary iodine (median: 117 μg/L; interquartile range: 70–189 μg/L) was not associated with a particular ethnicity [22, 66]. According to Walker et al [63], the lower TSH levels in African-American women were due to higher hCG levels compared with Ca women.…”

Section: New Candidate Variables Contributing To Variation In Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variables Contributing to Thyroid (Dys)Function in Pregnant Women: More than Thyroid Antibodies?

Veltri

Poppe

2018

Eur Thyroid J

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Variability in thyroid function in pregnant women is the result of 2 main determinants, each accounting for approximately half of it. The first is the genetically determined part of which the knowledge increases fast, but most remains to be discovered. The second determinant is caused by an ensemble of variables of which thyroid autoimmunity is the best known, but also by others such as parity, smoking, age, and BMI. More recently, new candidate variables have been proposed, such as iron, endocrine disruptors, and the ethnicity of the pregnant women. In the future, the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid (dys)function may be optimized by the use of each individual’s pituitary-thyroid set point, corrected with a factor taking into account the impact of nongenetically determined variables.

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Fortification of Bread with Iodized Salt Corrected Iodine Deficiency in School-Aged Children, But Not in Their Mothers: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in Belgium

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Heredity and lifestyle in the determination of between-subject variation in thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid men

Heredity and lifestyle in the determination of between-subject variation in thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid men

Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in women with iron deficiency during early pregnancy: is it altered?

Variables Contributing to Thyroid (Dys)Function in Pregnant Women: More than Thyroid Antibodies?

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