Fortification of biscuit with sidr leaf and flaxseed mitigates immunosuppression and nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A

Abstract

The focus of consumers in healthy food turned to the possible health benefits of particular foods and food ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the newly fortified biscuits supplemented with sidr leaves and flaxseed and to highlight their nutritional quality and health benefits against cyclosporine A-induced dexterous effects.Sidr leaves (SL), and flaxseed (FS) were used in the preparation of fortified biscuits.Proximate analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out on the biscuits. In in vivo study, 15 male albino mice were used for each group. Groups were divided into control, CsA, SL, FS, and SL+FS-treated groups. Hematological analysis, kidney function tests, oxidative stress, and anti-oxidant status were estimated. Flow cytometry was utilized to detect apoptosis and autophagy levels. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferonγ (IFNγ), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels. The composition of biscuits complemented by SL and FS demonstrated significant improvement in the nutritional value represented by the increase in overall protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate contents. Treatment with SL and FS restored the disturbance in hematological, kidney function, oxidative, and antioxidant biomarkers. CsA-induced apoptotic and autophagic renal cell death was suppressed. Cytokines and pro-inflammatory markers were ameliorated. The use of SL and FS in dietary products can be recommended as a functional food. Moreover, they showed renal-protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing activities. Practical applicationsSidr leaves (SL) and flaxseed (FS) were used in the preparation of fortified biscuits.The composition of biscuits complemented by SL and FS demonstrated a significant improvement in the nutritional values represented by the increase in overall protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate contents. SL and FS showed a potential therapeutic activity in reversing CsA-induced dexterous side effects by acting as an antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiautophagic, anti-inflammatory, renal-protective, and How to cite this article: El Seedy GM, El-Shafey ES, Elsherbiny ES. Fortification of biscuit with sidr leaf and flaxseed mitigates immunosuppression and nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A.

Ziziphus spina‐christi (L.) fortified with Camellia sinensis mediates apoptosis, Notch‐1 signaling, and mitigates obesity‐induced non‐alcoholic fatty liver

“…Sequentially, ZT mediated the suppression of inflammatory responses mediated by mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), thus suppressing liver and spleen injury (Dkhil, Kassab, et al., 2018; Hafiz et al., 2019). Additionally, ZT prevents NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus and thereby disrupts the NF‐κB‐dependent pathway leading to the suppression of cellular apoptosis (El Seedy et al., 2021). All the previous evidence demonstrate the antiapoptotic activity of fortified GT+ZT in liver.…”

Composition, processing, and quality control of whole flaxseed products used to fortify foods

“…Diets containing relatively high levels of plant‐derived foods that providing essential protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, as well as fibers and other phytonutrients, have been linked to lower risks of various chronic diseases (Carraro et al., 2012; Edel et al., 2015). Indeed, studies suggest that flaxseed consumption can lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, kidney diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and maintain brain health (Almehmadi et al., 2021; Karantonis et al., 2022; Parikh et al., 2018, 2019; Seedy et al., 2021; Thumann et al., 2019). These health benefits have partly been attributed to the fact that flaxseed is a good source of essential omega‐3 fatty acid, but also high quality of protein, soluble dietary fibers, lignans and multiple phytochemicals, which could exert anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, glucose absorption control, immune suppression/enhancement, and so forth (Kaneda et al., 2016; Marambe et al., 2008; Mosavat et al., 2018; Rabetafika et al., 2011; Rodriguez et al., 2013; Silva & Alcorn, 2019; Tang et al., 2021).…”

Some Antioxidant Properties of Components from the Flower of Ochna integerrima and Their Beneficial Effects on HaCaT Keratinocytes and in Silico Analysis on Tyrosinase

“…Recently, naturally occurring antioxidants have been found in medicinal plants that are safe for human consumption [6,7] . Polyphenols from plants are well‐known antioxidant agents against a variety of oxidative stress‐related disorders [8–10] . Phenolic secondary metabolites are good electron donors because of their hydroxy groups [11] .…”

“…[6,7] Polyphenols from plants are well-known antioxidant agents against a variety of oxidative stress-related disorders. [8][9][10] Phenolic secondary metabolites are good electron donors because of their hydroxy groups. [11] Hence, plant extracts containing polyphenols would be good candidates for use in cosmeceutical products with anti-skin aging purposes.…”