“…In the coming years, many countries will have dramatic increases in significant tunneling projects throughout major cities and population hubs. For example, in Australia, there are currently 18 major tunneling projects in the expression-of-interest or tender phases, including: the Snowy Hydro Project 2.0 in New South Wales, which will use underground tunneling to link dams and to generate power, creating 750,000 cubic meters of fill [8]; sections of the Forrestfield Airport Link in Western Australia, with 8.5 km of rail tunnels, which is expected to generate one and a half to two million tons of fill [9], and the North East Link in Victoria, with two six-kilometer twin tunnels [10]. In most of these projects, PFASs will be encountered when tunneling [11], which leads to an extraordinary amount of PFAS-contaminated construction waste to be disposed of.…”