Formulation of Boron Encapsulated Smart Nanocapsules for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain

Abstract

Drug delivery through the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) represents a significant challenge. Despite the current strategies to circumvent the BBB, nanotechnology offers unprecedented opportunities for combining selective delivery, improved bioavailability, drug protection, and enhanced pharmacokinetics profiles. Chitosan nanocarriers allow for a more efficacious strategy at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a targeted chemo-radiotherapeutic technique that allows the selective depletion of cancer cells by means of selective tagging of cancer cells with 10B, followed by irradiation with low-energy neutrons. Consequently, the combination of a polymer-based nanodelivery system enclosing an effective BNCT pharmacophore can potentially lead to the selective delivery of the load to cancer cells beyond the BBB. In this work, synthesized novel boronated agents based on carborane-functionalized Delocalized Lipophilic Cations (DLCs) are assessed for safety and selective targeting of tumour cells. The compounds are then encapsulated in nanocarriers constituted by chitosan to promote permeability through the BBB. Additionally, chitosan was used in combination with polypyrrole to form a smart composite nanocapsule, which is expected to release its drug load with variations in pH. Results indicate the achievement of more selective boron delivery to cells via carboranyl DLCs. Finally, preliminary cell studies indicate no toxicity was detected in chitosan nanocapsules, further enhancing its viability as a potential delivery vehicle in the BNCT of brain tumours.

Boron Vehiculating Nanosystems for Neutron Capture Therapy in Cancer Treatment

“…In a following work [ 107 ], the same authors investigated the effects of chitosan (CS) coating on o -carborane-loaded PLGA NPs, with apparently no clear explanation on the choice of using PLGA rather than PLLGA, seeing the previously reported results. Due to its favorable safety profile, CS has been used in several studies as the component of boron-vehiculating NPs for BNCT application [ 163 ]. This coating simply exploited the charge interaction between the negative surface of the NPs and the CS positive charges, and the coated PLGA-NPs exhibited an average diameter of 113.6 ± 32.5 nm, comparable to the diameter of bare PLGA NPs.…”