Formulation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of tablets of essential oil prepared by compression of spray-dried powder

In vitro Anticoccidial Study of Oregano and Garlic Essential Oils and Effects on Growth Performance, Fecal Oocyst Output, and Intestinal Microbiota in vivo

“…Oregano and its main bioactive compounds have been shown to have positive antioxidant effects, a significant impact on intestinal microbiota and intestinal cell functionality (7)(8)(9). However, in vitro studies with oregano have been limited, primarily examining its antibacterial and antioxidant effects by conventional or spray drying microencapsulation techniques, without fully quantifying its anticoccidial properties (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Nowadays, oregano may serve as a principal functional ingredient both in the food and feed industries, as well as in veterinary medicine (15,16).…”

Enteric Release Essential Oil Prepared by Co-Spray Drying Methacrylate/Polysaccharides—Influence of Starch Type

“…Powder samples corresponding to 2.8 mg EO were placed in 200 mL of distilled water in a USP II apparatus vessel (Pharma Test PTW 2, Hainburg, Germany) at 37 ± 0.5 °C and 100 rpm agitation rate. Aliquots (3 mL) were withdrawn at timely intervals from 5 to 240 min and analyzed for transmittance (T%, 850 nm) using the optical analyzer (Turbiscan ® MA Classic 2000, Formulaction, Toulouse, France) described above for stability testing but operated in transmittance mode [ 5 , 32 ]. The instrument was calibrated for T% = 100 with special silicon oil.…”

“…Samples of spray-dried powders corresponding to 10 mg of EO (nominal amount) were sealed in dialysis cellulose membranes (cut-off 12500, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and immersed in the USP Apparatus II vessel (Pharma Test PTW 2) containing 200 mL of pH 1.2 buffer solution (100 mL 0.2 N KCl, 170 mL 0.2 N HCl, and 130 mL deionized water), at 37 ± 0.5 °C and 100 rpm agitation rate [ 5 ]. After 120 min of testing, the medium pH was changed to 6.8 by adding 8.06 g of sodium phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ).…”

“…Essential oils are widely exploited as natural antimicrobials due to their accepted safety and efficacy profiles [ 1 , 2 ]. The strong and rapid bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of oregano essential oil (EO) against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and in particular E. coli (activity within 1 min) is now well-established both by direct addition into diffusion plates inoculated with bacteria culture [ 3 , 4 ] but also by addition to diffusion plates as re-emulsified spray dried powder [ 5 ]. Later studies have also demonstrated antiviral activity of EO against a range of human/animal viruses: Gilling et al [ 6 ] and Sánchez et al [ 7 ] demonstrated that EO inactivated murine norovirus (MNV) and other enteric viruses such as the picornaviruses, caliciviruses, astroviruses, and hepatitis by acting directly on the viral capsid; Pilau et al [ 8 ] demonstrated the activity of EO against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); Choi et al [ 9 ] showed activity against anti-enterovirus.…”

“…Spray drying is a manufacturing process that is suitable for the microencapsulation and protection of EO ingredients sensitive to humidity and light [ 17 , 18 ]. It yields spherical particles within a narrow size range and good flowability, which are important attributes for further processing into final dosage forms [ 5 , 19 ]. In addition, spray drying is easily scaled up, since development trials and production batches run on equipment operating on the same principle differing only in capacity.…”