Formulation and Properties of ADN/GAP Propellants

Abstract

In this contribution two ways are described, how it is possible to achieve perfectly cured and processible propellants with prilled ADN, low amounts of HMX 5 μm mps and a binder system based on GAP diole and GAP triole oligomers with and without TMETN as a nitrate ester plasticizer. It was shown how it will be possible to suppress the strongly gas forming reaction between ADN and reactive isocyanates by a mixture of stabilizers. In this way it was possible to create minimum smoke ADN/HMX/GAP/TMETN propellants cured with the triisocyanate N100. In the second part an unconventional binder system based on the 1.3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azido groups with acetylene compounds forming 1,2,3‐triazole heterocyclic rings has been applied for ADN/GAP and AP/GAP propellants. Together with small parts of HMX formulations with ADN/HMX/GAP and the corresponding AP/HMX/GAP exhibit high thermodynamic performance, are easily processible, and cure successfully at 60 °C. Their basic properties consisting of burning behavior and mechanical properties, at ambient temperature, chemical stability, and sensitivity have been investigated and are compared to each other.

Binder Materials for Green Propellants

“…Polyfunctional isocyanates, such as Desmodur N100, have been used to cure, for example, ADN-based propellants [89] and GUDN-based propellants [3,61]. Curing catalysts, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, triphenylbismuth, zinc octoate and Desmorapid PP, have been used together with Desmodur N100 [90,91].…”

“…Since GAP, cured with BPS, has a higher glass transition than GAP, cured with isocyanate, plasticisers are needed to meet the low temperature requirements. Menke et al used trimethylolethane trinitrate TMETN as a plasticiser in their ADN/GAP-propellant [89]. The advantage of BPS in relation to ADN is that they are chemically compatible with each other, contrary to ADN and isocyanates.…”

“…Data are summarised in Table 8.7. A few combustion studies of GAP-based propellants have been performed. ADN/GAPbased propellants have high burn rates and pressure exponents ranging between 0.42 and 0.54 [50,89,103]. In the study of Wingborg et al [103], the specific impulse in a motor experiment, using an un-optimised nozzle, was determined to 233 s of a propellant containing 70% of ADN (Figure 8.12).…”

Thermal decomposition behaviors and burning characteristics of ammonium nitrate/polytetrahydrofuran/glycerin composite propellant

“…Various attempts at eliminating chlorine include the use of nitramine (HMX and RDX) and other oxidizers (HNF ADN, and AN) in place of AP [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. These attempts have led to a rejuvenated interest in AN-based propellants, primarily because of its low cost and easy availability.…”

Avaliação por FT-IR de interações entre polímero energético e oxidante: GAP/ADN e GAP/AP

“…Klaus Menke et al [20] estudaram formulações e propriedades de propelentes GAP/ADN com adição de HMX e curados com isocianato. Utilizaram um analisador infravermelho, a gás por (IRGA) e determinaram propriedades termodinâmicas como um maior impulso específico para a mistura GAP/ADN, comparado à mistura GAP/AP.…”