Formulation and optimization of bioinspired rosemary extract loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease using design of experiments
“…Actually, when FSE is encapsulated into NLC it is protected from the influence of surrounding degradation factors and its bioavailability and hence antioxidant efficacy is increased. Similar results were obtained for rosemary extract encapsulated into nanoliposomes 95 . It has been demonstrated that chitosan alone exhibits redox‐regulatory activity (Figure 12) due to inhibition of ROS production and additionally, can stimulate the increase of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes in biological systems 96 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 77%
“…Similar results were obtained for rosemary extract encapsulated into nanoliposomes. 95 It has been demonstrated that chitosan alone exhibits redox-regulatory activity (Figure 12) due to inhibition of ROS production and additionally, can stimulate the increase of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes in biological systems. 96 Therefore, the highest antioxidant activity of NLCc could be a result of the synergistic antioxidant effect of the FSE components and chitosan present in this formulation.…”
Section: Determination Of Antioxidative Effectmentioning
Considering the potential of Salvia officinalis in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the ability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to successfully deliver drug molecules across blood–brain barrier (BBB), the objective of this study was design, development, optimization and characterization of freeze‐dried salvia officinalis extract (FSE) loaded NLC intended for intranasal administration. NLC were prepared by solvent evaporation method and the optimization was carried out using central composite design (CCD) of experiments. Further, the optimized formulation (NLCo) was coated either with chitosan (NLCc) or poloxamer (NLCp). Surface characterization of the particles demonstrated a spherical shape with smooth exterior. Particle size of optimal formulations after 0.45 μm pore size filtration ranged from 127 ± 0.68 nm to 140 ± 0.74 nm. The zeta potential was −25.6 ± 0.404 mV; 22.4 ± 1.106 mV and − 6.74 ± 0.609 mV for NLCo, NLCc, and NLCp, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the formation of NLC whereas Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the FSE encapsulation into particles. All formulations showcased relatively high drug loading (>86.74 mcg FSE/mg solid lipid) and were characterized by prolonged and controlled release that followed Peppas‐Sahlin in vitro release kinetic model. Protein adsorption studies revealed the lowest adsorption of the proteins onto NLCp (43.53 ± 0.07%) and highest protein adsorption onto NLCc (55.97 ± 0.75%) surface. The modified ORAC assay demonstrated higher antioxidative activity for NLCo (95.31 ± 1.86%) and NLCc (97.76 ± 4.00%) as compared to FSE (90.30 ± 1.53%). Results obtained from cell cultures tests pointed to the potential of prepared NLCs for FSE brain targeting and controlled release.
“…Actually, when FSE is encapsulated into NLC it is protected from the influence of surrounding degradation factors and its bioavailability and hence antioxidant efficacy is increased. Similar results were obtained for rosemary extract encapsulated into nanoliposomes 95 . It has been demonstrated that chitosan alone exhibits redox‐regulatory activity (Figure 12) due to inhibition of ROS production and additionally, can stimulate the increase of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes in biological systems 96 .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 77%
“…Similar results were obtained for rosemary extract encapsulated into nanoliposomes. 95 It has been demonstrated that chitosan alone exhibits redox-regulatory activity (Figure 12) due to inhibition of ROS production and additionally, can stimulate the increase of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes in biological systems. 96 Therefore, the highest antioxidant activity of NLCc could be a result of the synergistic antioxidant effect of the FSE components and chitosan present in this formulation.…”
Section: Determination Of Antioxidative Effectmentioning
Considering the potential of Salvia officinalis in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the ability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to successfully deliver drug molecules across blood–brain barrier (BBB), the objective of this study was design, development, optimization and characterization of freeze‐dried salvia officinalis extract (FSE) loaded NLC intended for intranasal administration. NLC were prepared by solvent evaporation method and the optimization was carried out using central composite design (CCD) of experiments. Further, the optimized formulation (NLCo) was coated either with chitosan (NLCc) or poloxamer (NLCp). Surface characterization of the particles demonstrated a spherical shape with smooth exterior. Particle size of optimal formulations after 0.45 μm pore size filtration ranged from 127 ± 0.68 nm to 140 ± 0.74 nm. The zeta potential was −25.6 ± 0.404 mV; 22.4 ± 1.106 mV and − 6.74 ± 0.609 mV for NLCo, NLCc, and NLCp, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the formation of NLC whereas Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the FSE encapsulation into particles. All formulations showcased relatively high drug loading (>86.74 mcg FSE/mg solid lipid) and were characterized by prolonged and controlled release that followed Peppas‐Sahlin in vitro release kinetic model. Protein adsorption studies revealed the lowest adsorption of the proteins onto NLCp (43.53 ± 0.07%) and highest protein adsorption onto NLCc (55.97 ± 0.75%) surface. The modified ORAC assay demonstrated higher antioxidative activity for NLCo (95.31 ± 1.86%) and NLCc (97.76 ± 4.00%) as compared to FSE (90.30 ± 1.53%). Results obtained from cell cultures tests pointed to the potential of prepared NLCs for FSE brain targeting and controlled release.
“…All optimal Nano-Liposomes samples showed statistically significant higher antioxidant capacity (>94.15%) compared to Rosemary extract (90.04%) Shalabalija et al, 2021 BBB permeability of medicines, GSH-ApoE-PC-liposomes boosted the brain-targeting capacity. ApoE-coated liposomes improved endocytosis of Curcumin (CURC), Quercitin (QU), epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG), rosmarinic acid(RA), and phosphatidylcholine(PC) into SK-N-MC cells via engulfing with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), as shown in this study.…”
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a kind of dementia that creates serious challenges for sufferers’ memory, thinking, and behavior. It commonly targeting the aging population and decay the brain cells, despite attempts have been performed to enhance AD diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Hence, AD remains incurable owing to its complex and multifactorial consequences and still there is lack of appropriate diagnostics/therapeutics option for this severe brain disorder. Therefore, nanotechnology is currently bringing new tools and insights to improve the previous knowledge of AD and ultimately may provide a novel treatment option and a ray of hope to AD patients. Here in this review, we highlighted the nanotechnologies-based findings for AD, in both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and explained how advances in the field of nanotechnology/nanomedicine could enhance patient prognosis and quality of life. It is highly expected these emerging technologies could bring a research-based revolution in the field of neurodegenerative disorders and may assist their clinical experiments and develop an efficacious drug for AD also. The main aim of review is to showcase readers the recent advances in nanotechnology-based approaches for treatment and diagnosing of AD.
“…CA stimulates the Keap1/Nrf2 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway in vitro and in vivo and thus the production of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory proteins (Lipton et al, 2016 ). The antioxidant effect of rosemary has also been studied elsewhere (Shalabalija et al, 2021 ). Yoshida et al investigated the effect of CA on AD and reported that CA could induce a TACE / ADAM17 secretase and reduce amyloid 1-42 and 1-43 production as well (Yoshida et al, 2014 ).…”
Hundreds of millions of people around the world suffer from neurological disorders or have experienced them intermittently, which has significantly reduced their quality of life. The common treatments for neurological disorders are relatively expensive and may lead to a wide variety of side effects including sleep attacks, gastrointestinal side effects, blood pressure changes, etc. On the other hand, several herbal medications have attracted colossal popularity worldwide in the recent years due to their availability, affordable prices, and few side effects. Aromatic plants, sage (Salvia officinalis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and rosemary (Salvia Rosmarinus) have already shown anxiolytics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. They have also shown potential in treating common neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and cognitive disorders. This review summarizes the data on the neuroprotective potential of aromatic herbs, sage, lavender, and rosemary.
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