Formulation and Characterization of Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Photoprotective Properties Made from Carnauba Wax, Beeswax, Pumpkin Seed Oil, and UV Filters

Abstract

Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) with carnauba wax and beeswax was used to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with a UV filter, Uvinul ® A Plus B. The aims of the study were to optimize the concentration of PSO to develop a stable NLC formulation, determine storage stability of the NLC with and without PSO, and the synergistic effect of PSO-NLC with UV filter for photoprotective properties. The physical properties of NLC were optimized based on the mean particle size, polydispersity index, and storage stability. The optimized NLC consisted 10% lipid phase (3.5% carnauba wax, 3.5% beeswax, and 3.0% PSO) and 90% aqueous phase. After optimization, Uvinul ® A Plus B was added in the optimized PSO-NLC to produce a photoprotective formulation. Uvinul ® A Plus B consisted of both UVA (Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl Benzoate) and UVB (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate) filters. The NLC produced with PSO and Uvinul ® A Plus B had mean particle size of 135 AE 2 nm and showed good physical stability under storage time. Besides that, the NLC produced also proven to have positive effect in enhancing the entrapment efficiency and drug loading, which were 82.86 AE 0.15% and 55.41 AE 0.04%, respectively, and showed sun protection factor value of 16.61 AE 3.45. The results indicated the presence of synergistic effect among the PSO-NLC with Uvinul ® A Plus B.

Lipid composition optimization in spray congealing technique and testing with curcumin-loaded microparticles

“…The melting temperature of the constituents was corroborated with typical values reported in the literature, namely curcumin at 175.4 °C [19,62], beeswax at 68.4 °C [63] and carnauba wax at 86.8 °C [64]. It was observed that MP1 series which include CMP1, MP1 and PM1 showed the highest T m values (comparing with the other series), being close to that of beeswax, the only lipid present in the mixture composition.…”

Nanostructured-lipid carriers-Chitosan hydrogel beads carrier system for loading of resveratrol: A new method of topical application

“…The data were analyzed using Malvern Zetasizer (ZS90, Malvern Instruments, UK). [28][29] The data analysis was operated at a wavelength of 633 nm at 25°C and a scattering angle of 90°. The size distribution was indicated by the intensity distribution.…”

Application of seed oils and its bioactive compounds in sunscreen formulations

“…Therefore, antioxidants with potential UV absorbing activity may be promising to be added in sunscreen formulation to boost up the effect of UV filters. According to the previous studies, the findings indicated the additional value of antioxidants in sunscreen development to enhance the photoprotective properties while maintaining antioxidant capacity (Chu et al, 2019, 2020; Chu, Azizul Hasan, et al, 2021; Lacatusu et al, 2014). Also, Chu et al (2019) and Badea et al (2016) claimed the synergistic interaction that occurred among the sunscreen active compounds with different seed oils to boost up the photoprotection.…”

“…The study from Bardaa et al (2016) showed significant wound healing effect of pumpkin seed oil in animal assays through topical application. Apart from that, Chu et al (2020) reported pumpkin seed oil in nanostructured lipid carrier development for sunscreen formulation development demonstrated synergistic effect from pumpkin seed oil and synthetic UV filters. Pumpkin seed oil showed the effect in boosting the UV protection of a sunscreen formulation (Chu et al, 2020).…”

“…Apart from that, Chu et al (2020) reported pumpkin seed oil in nanostructured lipid carrier development for sunscreen formulation development demonstrated synergistic effect from pumpkin seed oil and synthetic UV filters. Pumpkin seed oil showed the effect in boosting the UV protection of a sunscreen formulation (Chu et al, 2020). Overall, pumpkin seed oil with unique fatty acid composition and high squalene content would be recommended for nutritional, UV protection, and medicinal purposes.…”