Formins and membranes: anchoring cortical actin to the cell wall and beyond

Cvrčková, Fatima

doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00436

Cited by 46 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…More than 20 Arabidopsis FORMIN isovariants exist (Blanchoin and Michelot, 2012;Cvr cková, 2013). FORMIN1 (AtFH1) promotes actin polymerization more efficiently from a pool of profilin-bound actin monomers than from free actin monomers in vitro (Michelot et al, 2005).…”

Section: Prf1 Is Implicated In Formin-mediated Actin Nucleation and Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profilin-Dependent Nucleation and Assembly of Actin Filaments Controls Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7203-8791 (J.L.H.-R.).Actin filaments in plant cells are incredibly dynamic; they undergo incessant remodeling and assembly or disassembly within seconds. These dynamic events are choreographed by a plethora of actin-binding proteins, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we dissect the contribution of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PROFILIN1 (PRF1), a conserved actin monomer-binding protein, to actin organization and single filament dynamics during axial cell expansion of living epidermal cells. We found that reduced PRF1 levels enhanced cell and organ growth. Surprisingly, we observed that the overall frequency of nucleation events in prf1 mutants was dramatically decreased and that a subpopulation of actin filaments that assemble at high rates was reduced. To test whether profilin cooperates with plant formin proteins to execute actin nucleation and rapid filament elongation in cells, we used a pharmacological approach. Here, we used Small Molecule Inhibitor of Formin FH2 (SMIFH2), after validating its mode of action on a plant formin in vitro, and observed a reduced nucleation frequency of actin filaments in live cells. Treatment of wild-type epidermal cells with SMIFH2 mimicked the phenotype of prf1 mutants, and the nucleation frequency in prf1-2 mutant was completely insensitive to these treatments. Our data provide compelling evidence that PRF1 coordinates the stochastic dynamic properties of actin filaments by modulating formin-mediated actin nucleation and assembly during plant cell expansion.

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Section: Prf1 Is Implicated In Formin-mediated Actin Nucleation and Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profilin-Dependent Nucleation and Assembly of Actin Filaments Controls Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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“…What role does the plant actin cytoskeleton play in linking intercellular processes to the extracellular environment, and how is this function associated with pathogen perception and immune activation? There is a growing body of evidence that at least two actin‐binding proteins – formins and profilins – play a role in mediating connectivity between the plasma membrane and the plant cell wall ((Cvrčková ; van Gisbergen and Bezanilla ; Fan et al ); Figure ). In humans, actin connectivity to the extracellular environment is mediated by a family of proteins known as integrins, a family of highly conserved integral plasma membranes proteins (Hynes ).…”

Section: Preformed Linkages: Functions Barriers and Targets Of Pathomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative to an integrin‐based mechanism linking the plant actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular space, one of the best candidates described to date is that of the actin‐binding protein formin, a regulator of actin filament organization and polymerization at the barbed end of F‐actin (Lee et al ; Cvrčková ; van Gisbergen and Bezanilla ). In support of this hypothesis, several key features of plant formins satisfy a minimum set of criteria required for such a role.…”

Section: Preformed Linkages: Functions Barriers and Targets Of Pathomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In support of this hypothesis, several key features of plant formins satisfy a minimum set of criteria required for such a role. First, formins possess many of the biochemical features necessary to mediate the cytoskeletal‐plasma membrane continuum, possessing a signal peptide, a predicted trans‐membrane domain and a proline‐rich peptide that is hypothesized to interact with proteins within the cell wall (Cvrčková ). Second, several members of the formin family of proteins possess a phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN)‐like domain that catalyzes and binds plasma membrane‐localized phosphoinisotides (van Gisbergen et al ), while an even smaller and less conserved class of formins interacts with the plasma membrane indirectly via contacts with Rho‐guanosine triphophatases (GTPases) (Bechtold et al ).…”

Section: Preformed Linkages: Functions Barriers and Targets Of Pathomentioning

confidence: 99%

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From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity

Porter

Day

2015

JIPB

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The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. In this review, we will highlight recent advances that have defined the regulation and breadth of function of the actin cytoskeleton as a network required for defense signaling following pathogen infection. Coupled with an overview of recent work demonstrating specific targeting of the plant actin cytoskeleton by a diversity of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, we will highlight the importance of actin as a key signaling hub in plants, one that mediates surveillance of cellular homeostasis and the activation of specific signaling responses following pathogen perception. B4ased on the studies highlighted herein, we propose a working model that posits changes in actin filament organization is in and of itself a highly specific signal, which induces, regulates and physically directs stimulus-specific signaling processes, most importantly, those associated with response to pathogens.

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“…Formins are conserved actin nucleation factors which, in plants, take on special relevance for the presence of secretion signals, transmembrane domains and lipid interaction motifs that permit their function on or near cellular membranes. In an up-to-date review, Cvrčková (2013) discusses the myriad ways that plant formins are thought to associate with membranes and their function(s) at various subcellular locations, especially the interface between cortical actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall.…”

Section: Actin-binding Proteins: Old and Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dynamic interplay between membranes and the cytoskeleton critical for cell development and signaling

2014

Frontiers Research Topics

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Diverse cellular processes that underlie plant development and response to environmental cues rely on a dynamic interplay between membranes and the cytoskeleton. The original research and review articles assembled in this Research Topic provide a valuable insight into our current understanding of how actin filaments and microtubules physically and functionally interact with membranes and cell wall and vice versa. ACTIN-BINDING PROTEINS: OLD AND NEWActin-binding proteins come in hundreds of different varieties and are the governors for cellular cytoskeletal organization and turnover. The rate limiting step for generating actin filaments from a monomer pool in vitro, and presumably in vivo, is formation of a seed or nucleus of three actin subunits. Formins are conserved actin nucleation factors which, in plants, take on special relevance for the presence of secretion signals, transmembrane domains and lipid interaction motifs that permit their function on or near cellular membranes. In an up-to-date review, Cvrčková (2013) discusses the myriad ways that plant formins are thought to associate with membranes and their function(s) at various subcellular locations, especially the interface between cortical actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall.The monomer-binding protein, profilin, was the first conventional plant actin-binding protein to be identified more than two decades ago. Sun et al. (2013) briefly review the long history of discovery research surrounding this abundant regulator of actin dynamcis. Biochemically, isoforms from maize and Arabidopsis have been well characterized and these bind three cellular ligands: monomer of G-actin, proteins with contiguous stretches of proline residues, and phosphoinositide lipids. More recently, it has been discovered that plant profilins are localized or function at cellular membranes and organelles via their interaction with nucleators like the formins; here, profilinactin complexes likely provide a supply of subunits to polymerize new actin filaments. Whether this actin assembly powers vesicle or organelle movements, as in the case of mammalian endosomes or pathogenic intracellular bacteria, is an area for future investigations.One striking difference between the repertoire of actinbinding proteins from plants and animals is that many types of actin-membrane adaptors present in animals are absent from plants. Plants in turn own a plant-specific superfamily of actin-binding proteins, called the Networked (NET) proteins; presumably these are able to connect actin filaments to various membrane compartments. Here, Hawkins et al. (2014) report a phylogenetic analysis including NET gene sequences across a large range of species. Their data support that the NET superfamily emerged early in the evolution of vascular plants and has continuously developed and diversified coincidentally with the complexity of plant species. CORTICAL MICROTUBULES AND CELL WALL ASSEMBLYA remarkable parallelism between membrane-associated microtubules in the cortical cytoplasm and cellulose micro...

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Formins and membranes: anchoring cortical actin to the cell wall and beyond

Cited by 46 publications

References 87 publications

Profilin-Dependent Nucleation and Assembly of Actin Filaments Controls Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis

Profilin-Dependent Nucleation and Assembly of Actin Filaments Controls Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis

From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity

A dynamic interplay between membranes and the cytoskeleton critical for cell development and signaling

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