“…It operates in a molten salt medium, normally in the temperature range of 800–1100°C. CaCl 2 is used as the salt, since CaCl 2 can dissolve and transport the oxygen ion, and it is cheaper and less toxic than the alternatives, such as BaCl 2 and LiCl [66]. Figure 10. Illustration of the main processing steps of the FFC process.…”
Section: Titanium Powders As Products Of Extractive Metallurgy Processesmentioning
Powder metallurgy (PM) of titanium is a potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional wrought titanium. This article examines both traditional and emerging technologies, including the production of powder, and the sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of PM Ti. The production methods of powder are classified into two categories: (1) powder that is produced as the product of extractive metallurgy processes, and (2) powder that is made from Ti sponge, ingot, mill products, or scrap. A new hydrogen-assisted magnesium reduction (HAMR) process is also discussed. The mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced using various PM processes are analyzed based on their dependence on unique microstructural features, oxygen content, porosity, and grain size. In particular, the fatigue properties of PM Ti-6Al-4V are examined as functions of microstructure. A hydrogen-enabled approach for microstructural engineering that can be used to produce PM Ti with wroughtlike microstructure and properties is also presented.
“…It operates in a molten salt medium, normally in the temperature range of 800–1100°C. CaCl 2 is used as the salt, since CaCl 2 can dissolve and transport the oxygen ion, and it is cheaper and less toxic than the alternatives, such as BaCl 2 and LiCl [66]. Figure 10. Illustration of the main processing steps of the FFC process.…”
Section: Titanium Powders As Products Of Extractive Metallurgy Processesmentioning
Powder metallurgy (PM) of titanium is a potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional wrought titanium. This article examines both traditional and emerging technologies, including the production of powder, and the sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of PM Ti. The production methods of powder are classified into two categories: (1) powder that is produced as the product of extractive metallurgy processes, and (2) powder that is made from Ti sponge, ingot, mill products, or scrap. A new hydrogen-assisted magnesium reduction (HAMR) process is also discussed. The mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced using various PM processes are analyzed based on their dependence on unique microstructural features, oxygen content, porosity, and grain size. In particular, the fatigue properties of PM Ti-6Al-4V are examined as functions of microstructure. A hydrogen-enabled approach for microstructural engineering that can be used to produce PM Ti with wroughtlike microstructure and properties is also presented.
“…Although direct metal production from oxide or sulfide compounds by electrometallurgical methods has been known for many years, it gained momentum in the late 90's with the study of a group of researchers from Cambridge University on the electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide [9]. In the process, the direct reduction of oxidized/sulfurous compounds by molten salt electrolysis, the compounds are cathodically polarized in suitable electrolytes and metal formation is provided, while the ionized O 2-/S 2reaches the anode (usually graphite) where it is oxidized to form S2, CO, CO2 gases [10]. In molten salt electrolysis; electrolyte, anode material, and applied temperature are the most important components.…”
In this study, the lead production from lead sulfide (PbS) by molten salt electrolysis was investigated under potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions using NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-2%Na2S electrolytes. Stable cell voltage and current were aimed with the addition of Na2S to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Reduction experiments were carried out at constant 700 °C temperature and for 15 min. duration. The current density was set to 250 mA/cm 2 for the galvanostatic reduction experiments. It was observed that there was an increase in cell voltage in both electrolytes due to the decrease in the amount of PbS in galvanostatic experiments. In these experiments, it was determined that the reduction occurred at higher cell voltages in the NaCl-KCl electrolyte compared to the NaCl-KCl-2%Na2S electrolyte. Although the cell voltage was aimed to remain constant with the Na2S addition, the cell voltage decreased slightly compared to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte, but increased with the experiment duration as in the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Potentiostatic reduction experiments carried out at a constant cell voltage of 3.0 V under the electrolyte decomposition voltage. The morphology of the cathode products was examined by SEM-EDS analysis and, the phases were examined by X-ray diffractometry. Higher current values were obtained in the NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S electrolyte compared to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Current variation with electrolysis duration showed similar trends in both electrolytes. According to structural characterization, it was determined that the metallic lead mass did not contain any impurities.
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