Forming Impressions: Effects of Facial Expression and Gender Stereotypes

Hack, Tay

doi:10.2466/07.17.pr0.114k17w6

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…negative, compared to neutral. The smiling results are supportive of findings by Hack (2014), which showed that participants rated smiling female faces more warmly than neutral female faces. These results are supportive of those reported by Senft et al (2016) study mentioned previously, which showed that smiling negated age and gender as inference inducers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…These categories are used to make judgments about the perceived person, and the judgments are often stereotypical (Ebner et al, 2018;Ellemers, 2018;Lamont et al, 2015;Macrae and Bodenhausen, 2000). Research on age and gender perceptions indicates that these stereotypes are a mixture of positive and negative; for example, people over 65 are perceived as more Agreeable and less impulsive (positive), and less active and competent (negative; Chan et al, 2012;Hack, 2014). Females are perceived as more Agreeable, Conscientious and Open (positive), and sad (negative); and males are perceived as more Extraverted (positive), and angry and threatening (negative; Löckenhoff et al, 2014;Parmley and Cunningham, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions

Radeke

Stahelski

2020

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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This study examined the impact of a variable, facial expression, on the social perception and personality trait stereotypic inferences made to age and gender. Twelve facial photographs of young and old female and male models posing with either smiling, scowling, or neutral facial expressions were presented to participants who judged various social perceptions and personality traits. Results indicated that facial expression is strongly associated with two very different inference groupings. Smiling induced positive inferences, creating a Halo Effect, scowling induced negative inferences, creating a Horns Effect. Smiling influenced the age and gender inferences in a positive direction, and scowling did the opposite. The age and gender stereotypical inferences made to the neutral facial expression were in-between smiling and scowling. In all model configurations, the impact of smiling or scowling on the inference process was much stronger than either age or gender. However, significant age and gender inference differences were found in all three facial expression conditions, indicating that facial expressions did not completely subdue the use of these variables as inference inducers. The results are discussed in terms of how specific facial expressions can be used to positively or negatively influence age and gender stereotypes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions

Radeke

Stahelski

2020

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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“…Overall, this study’s findings are in harmony with several researches showing that women are significantly more likely to smile in an inauthentic manner – as well as use these fake smiles to mask negative emotions – than men ( Prkachin and Silverman, 2002 ; LaFrance et al, 2003 ; Woodzicka, 2008 ). Despite these observations, facial expressions (enjoyment smiles, non-enjoyment smiles, and neutral expressions) from female players are generally perceived as more approachable ( Miles, 2009 ) and women may be perceived more favorably when smiling ( Hack, 2014 ). It is worth noting that women typically smile more often than men when social tension is high ( Hall and Halberstadt, 1986 ).…”

Section: Materials and Methods – Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

What a Smile Means: Contextual Beliefs and Facial Emotion Expressions in a Non-verbal Zero-Sum Game

et al. 2016

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Research into the authenticity of facial emotion expressions often focuses on the physical properties of the face while paying little attention to the role of beliefs in emotion perception. Further, the literature most often investigates how people express a pre-determined emotion rather than what facial emotion expressions people strategically choose to express. To fill these gaps, this paper proposes a non-verbal zero-sum game – the Face X Game – to assess the role of contextual beliefs and strategic displays of facial emotion expression in interpersonal interactions. This new research paradigm was used in a series of three studies, where two participants are asked to play the role of the sender (individual expressing emotional information on his/her face) or the observer (individual interpreting the meaning of that expression). Study 1 examines the outcome of the game with reference to the sex of the pair, where senders won more frequently when the pair was comprised of at least one female. Study 2 examines the strategic display of facial emotion expressions. The outcome of the game was again contingent upon the sex of the pair. Among female pairs, senders won the game more frequently, replicating the pattern of results from study 1. We also demonstrate that senders who strategically express an emotion incongruent with the valence of the event (e.g., smile after seeing a negative event) are able to mislead observers, who tend to hold a congruent belief about the meaning of the emotion expression. If sending an incongruent signal helps to explain why female senders win more frequently, it logically follows that female observers were more prone to hold a congruent, and therefore inaccurate, belief. This prospect implies that while female senders are willing and/or capable of displaying fake smiles, paired-female observers are not taking this into account. Study 3 investigates the role of contextual factors by manipulating female observers’ beliefs. When prompted to think in an incongruent manner, these observers significantly improve their performance in the game. These findings emphasize the role that contextual factors play in emotion perception—observers’ beliefs do indeed affect their judgments of facial emotion expressions.

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“…Other previous studies discussed the effect of facial gender on trustworthiness judgments ( Buchan et al, 2008 ), found that female faces were usually perceived as more trustworthy than male faces. It remains unclear, however, whether the processing of these two cues occurs independently ( Haxby et al, 2000 , 2002 ), or is simultaneously interactive ( Hess et al, 2000 ; Atkinson et al, 2005 ; Aguado et al, 2009 ; Ozono et al, 2010 ; Dong et al, 2014 ; Hack, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Experiment 2, we manipulated the social context on the basis of Experiment 1 to test if the effect of facial expression and facial gender would be influenced by context. Based on previous literature (e.g., Hack, 2014 ), we hypothesized that the effect of the cues were simultaneously interactive during trust judgments, and the effect of facial expression would be susceptible to social context, while the effect of facial gender would be stable in different settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Facial Expression and Facial Gender on Judgment of Trustworthiness: The Modulating Effect of Cooperative and Competitive Settings

et al. 2018

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People often judge trustworthiness based on others’ faces (e.g., facial expression and facial gender). However, it is unclear whether social context plays a moderating role in forming trustworthiness judgments. Based on the emotions as social information (EASI) model, differing contexts may impact the effect of facial expression; however, there is no evidence demonstrating that differing contexts will or will not influence the effect of facial gender. In this study, we used two experiments to examine how facial expression and facial gender affect facial trustworthiness judgments and whether the effects on facial trustworthiness judgments are consistent in cooperative and competitive settings. Twenty-seven undergraduates (14 female; Mage = 21.81 years, SD = 2.66) participated in experiment 1. The results showed significant main effects of facial expression and facial gender as well as the interaction between them. To examine the social context effect, 28 undergraduates (18 female; Mage = 20.93 years, SD = 2.94) participated in experiment 2. The results showed the main effects of facial expression, facial gender, and social context. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between facial gender and facial expression and a marginally significant interaction between social context and facial expression. These results suggest that in the process of judging facial trustworthiness, individuals’ judgments are affected by both facial expression and facial gender. Furthermore, the effect of facial gender on facial trustworthiness judgments presents cross-situational stability, and the role of facial expression is influenced by the settings. These findings support and expand the EASI model.

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Forming Impressions: Effects of Facial Expression and Gender Stereotypes

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions

Altering age and gender stereotypes by creating the Halo and Horns Effects with facial expressions

What a Smile Means: Contextual Beliefs and Facial Emotion Expressions in a Non-verbal Zero-Sum Game

Effects of Facial Expression and Facial Gender on Judgment of Trustworthiness: The Modulating Effect of Cooperative and Competitive Settings

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