Forming and Interpreting Gradients in the Early Xenopus Embryo

Smith, James C.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002477

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Inductive interactions occur also later during organogenesis, and in the kidney, for example, these occur between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues [48]. Such molecules that mediate the embryonic inductive interactions and are involved in the associated pattern formation are called the morphogens [48,49]. A wealth of data have been generated that indicate a role for several growth factors in the inductive cell and tissue interactions such as the FGFs, TGF beta/BMP, Hedgehog and Wnt signals [50,51] but whether these serve as morphogens is still debatable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes as secondary inductive signals involved in kidney organogenesis

Krause

Rak-Raszewska

Naillat

et al. 2018

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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The subfraction of extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, transfers biological molecular information not only between cells but also between tissues and organs as nanolevel signals. Owing to their unique properties such that they contain several RNA species and proteins implicated in kidney development, exosomes are putative candidates to serve as developmental programming units in embryonic induction and tissue interactions. We used the mammalian metanephric kidney and its nephron-forming mesenchyme containing the nephron progenitor/stem cells as a model to investigate if secreted exosomes could serve as a novel type of inductive signal in a process defined as embryonic induction that controls organogenesis. As judged by several characteristic criteria, exosomes were enriched and purified from a cell line derived from embryonic kidney ureteric bud (UB) and from primary embryonic kidney UB cells, respectively. The cargo of the UB-derived exosomes was analysed by qPCR and proteomics. Several miRNA species that play a role in Wnt pathways and enrichment of proteins involved in pathways regulating the organization of the extracellular matrix as well as tissue homeostasis were identified. When labelled with fluorescent dyes, the uptake of the exosomes by metanephric mesenchyme (MM) cells and the transfer of their cargo to the cells can be observed. Closer inspection revealed that besides entering the cytoplasm, the exosomes were competent to also reach the nucleus. Furthermore, fluorescently labelled exosomal RNA enters into the cytoplasm of the MM cells. Exposure of the embryonic kidney-derived exosomes to the whole MM in an ex vivo organ culture setting did not lead to an induction of nephrogenesis but had an impact on the overall organization of the tissue. We conclude that the exosomes provide a novel signalling system with an apparent role in secondary embryonic induction regulating organogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes as secondary inductive signals involved in kidney organogenesis

Krause

Rak-Raszewska

Naillat

et al. 2018

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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“…It determines dorsal-ventral positional information (Zakin and De Robertis, 2010). High concentrations of activin, a member, like BMP, of the TGF-beta superfamily, induced the formation of notochord and muscle in Xenopus, whereas lower levels resulted in the formation of ventral and lateral cell types such as mesenchyme and mesothelium (Smith et.al.1991, Smith 2009). Increasing time of exposure to a single concentration of activin had a similar dose-dependent effect, with more dorsal structures forming with increased duration.…”

Section: Setting Up Gradientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positional information and patterning revisited

Wolpert

2011

Journal of Theoretical Biology

150

132

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“…6C). The BMPs are known to diffuse in the extracellular space (Smith, 2009), and the first step in BMP signal transduction is binding to type I receptors. Upon BMP binding to type I receptors, the type II BMP receptors are recruited into an active heterotetrameric receptor-signaling complex.…”

Section: Examples Of Active Modulation: the Bmp Signaling Gradient Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of scaling in pattern formation

2013

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Many organisms and their constituent tissues and organs vary substantially in size but differ little in morphology; they appear to be scaled versions of a common template or pattern. Such scaling involves adjusting the intrinsic scale of spatial patterns of gene expression that are set up during development to the size of the system. Identifying the mechanisms that regulate scaling of patterns at the tissue, organ and organism level during development is a longstanding challenge in biology, but recent molecular-level data and mathematical modeling have shed light on scaling mechanisms in several systems, including Drosophila and Xenopus. Here, we investigate the underlying principles needed for understanding the mechanisms that can produce scale invariance in spatial pattern formation and discuss examples of systems that scale during development.

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Forming and Interpreting Gradients in the Early Xenopus Embryo

Cited by 26 publications

References 85 publications

Exosomes as secondary inductive signals involved in kidney organogenesis

Exosomes as secondary inductive signals involved in kidney organogenesis

Positional information and patterning revisited

Mechanisms of scaling in pattern formation

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