Former Smoking Is a Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease After Lung Transplantation

Hellemons, Merel E.; Agarwal, Pramod Kumar; Bij, W. van der; Verschuuren, Erik; Postmus, Douwe; Erasmus, Michiel E.; Navis, Gerjan; Bakker, Stephan J. L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03701.x

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176] Cigarette smoking is also a major risk factor for the initial development or worsening of preexisting CKD in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, autosomal polycystic kidney disease, primary glomerulopathies, lupus nephritis, and those who are obese or who have undergone a lung transplant. [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187] In addition, smoking by either the donor or recipient has been shown to adversely influence the function and survival of transplanted kidneys and overall patient survival. 170,171,188,189 Allograft survival and function both worsen with increasing pack-years smoked.…”

Section: Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease

Colgan

Shelley

2016

Clinical Medicine & Research

125

111

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In the United States the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) reached epidemic proportions in 2012 with over 600,000 patients being treated. The rates of ESRD among the elderly are disproportionally high. Consequently, as life expectancy increases and the baby-boom generation reaches retirement age, the already heavy burden imposed by ESRD on the US health care system is set to increase dramatically. ESRD represents the terminal stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A large body of evidence indicating that CKD is driven by renal tissue hypoxia has led to the development of therapeutic strategies that increase kidney oxygenation and the contention that chronic hypoxia is the final common pathway to end-stage renal failure. Numerous studies have demonstrated that one of the most potent means by which hypoxic conditions within the kidney produce CKD is by inducing a sustained inflammatory attack by infiltrating leukocytes. Indispensable to this attack is the acquisition by leukocytes of an adhesive phenotype. It was thought that this process resulted exclusively from leukocytes responding to cytokines released from ischemic renal endothelium. However, recently it has been demonstrated that leukocytes also become activated independent of the hypoxic response of endothelial cells. It was found that this endothelium-independent mechanism involves leukocytes directly sensing hypoxia and responding by transcriptional induction of the genes that encode the β2-integrin family of adhesion molecules. This induction likely maintains the long-term inflammation by which hypoxia drives the pathogenesis of CKD. Consequently, targeting these transcriptional mechanisms would appear to represent a promising new therapeutic strategy.

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Section: Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease

Colgan

Shelley

2016

Clinical Medicine & Research

125

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In addition, 74% of the liver transplant patients and approximately 50% of the lung transplant patients in studies demonstrating an association between smoking and chronic kidney disease development were immunosuppressed with CsA [13,14]. Surprisingly, none of these studies referenced the potentially deleterious synergic association between cigarette-smoking-related renal injury and CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in this population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Surprisingly, none of these studies referenced the potentially deleterious synergic association between cigarette-smoking-related renal injury and CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in this population. Few authors have included short secondary comments regarding the potential synergism between cigarette smoking and calcineurin inhibitors that could induce vascular injury in transplant patients [13,19,20]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Previous Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Aggravates Experimental Cyclosporine-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Alves

Carlos²,

Mendes³

et al. 2012

Am J Nephrol

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Background/Aims: The effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity are poorly studied. This study aims to assess the effects of previous exposure to CS on CsA nephrotoxicity. Methods: Rats were either exposed to CS or sham (S) procedures for 10 min twice a day for 20 weeks. From the 16th to the 20th week, they received a low-salt diet. Beginning with the 17th week, they were given 2.5 mg/day CsA or vehicle (VH) for 3 weeks. The final groups were VH/CS, CsA/CS, VH/S, and CsA/S. On day 141, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and CsA blood levels were measured and immunohistochemistry was analyzed for renal α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), nitrotyrosine, and vimentin. Results: CsA decrease in GFR was enhanced by CS exposure. CsA associated with CS induced higher periglomerular α-SMA and renal nitrotyrosine expression. CsA decreased RBF, but increased RVR, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and α-SMA and renal vimentin expression. These changes and the CsA blood levels were not affected by CS exposure. Conclusion: CS aggravated the CsA-induced impairment of GFR and CS associated with CsA caused the development of periglomerular structural lesions and oxidative stress in a rat model of CsA nephrotoxicity.

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“…It has been reported that cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of reduced eGFR in patients with type 2 diabetes [13]. And former smokers generally had a significantly lower eGFR than never smokers from 6 months after lung transplantation [14]. All these studies indicated that cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for CKD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking reduced renal function deterioration in hypertensive patients may be mediated by elevated homocysteine

et al. 2016

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Elevated homocysteine (HCY) and smoking are both important risk factors for hypertensive patients. However, whether they have crossing effect on renal function deterioration of hypertensive patients and what is the underlying mechanism are unclear. In the present study, 3033 participants diagnosed as essential hypertension with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)> 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 from southern China were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We collected the demographic and clinical data. In addition, the mediation effects were analyzed. The results showed that, comparing with non-smokers, smokers had significant higher levels of HCY (13.10 (11.20−16.87) vs. 11.00 (8.90−13.40) umol/L, P < 0.001) and lower eGFR (79.71 (66.83−91.05) vs. 82.89 (69.80−95.85) ml/min/1.73m2, P < 0.001). HCY levels and smoking were independently associated with decreased eGFR. Meanwhile, eGFR levels were significantly negatively correlated with HCY (P < 0.001), and this correlation might be stronger in current smokers. Current smoker consuming over 20 cigarettes per day would accelerate early renal function deterioration (OR = 1.859, P = 0.019). The mediation effects analysis further showed that the association between smoking and renal function deterioration was mediated by HCY. And elevated HCY was accounted for 56.94% of the estimated causal effect of smoking on renal function deterioration in hypertensive patients. Our findings indicated that cigarette smoking was associated with renal function deterioration in hypertensive patients, and the association between cigarette smoking and renal function deterioration was probably mediated by elevated HCY. Therefore, HCY-lowering therapy may be beneficial for renal function deterioration in hypertensive smoking patients.

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Former Smoking Is a Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease After Lung Transplantation

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease

Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease

Previous Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Aggravates Experimental Cyclosporine-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Cigarette smoking reduced renal function deterioration in hypertensive patients may be mediated by elevated homocysteine

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