Formative Political Grief

Pilot study of a high-intensity interval training program in older adults: Safety, feasibility, functional fitness and cognitive effects

“…It is important to note that the decoupling of VO 2 and HR responses may occur if major muscle groups are not consistently engaged during high-intensity intervals. This occurrence is observed in some high-intensity resistance training programs that meet their HR targets but not their VO 2 targets (Ratamess et al, 2015; Snarr, 2022). This is thought to be due to suboptimal oxygen consumption in large muscle groups and increased levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine associated with resistance training, which causes HR to increase faster than VO 2 .…”

“…In recent studies, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as a compelling exercise format with documented physical and cognitive benefits for older adults (Gibala et al, 2018; Marriott et al, 2021; Mekari et al, 2020). HIIT is characterized by repeated intervals of vigorous aerobic exercise followed by short recovery periods of low-intensity exercise (Snarr, 2022). For older adults, HIIT outshines typical Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) by offering a multitude of diverse benefits.…”

“…MICT refers to consistent and sustained exercise at 55-65% Max HR, typically for 30 to 50 minutes, depending on the physical fitness of the participant (Bullock et al, 2020, Coswig et al, 2020). In comparison to MICT, HIIT promotes significantly greater improvements in functional movement in both healthy and clinical older adults (Snarr, 2022; Stern et al, 2023). HIIT has also shown notable enhancements in the cognitive domains of executive functioning and working memory in cognitively intact healthy older adults that surpass the outcomes observed with MICT (Kovacevic et al, 2020; Mekari et al, 2020).…”

“…During a high-intensity interval, the aim is to achieve a VO 2 between 90% and 120% of VO 2 Max and/or a heart rate (HR) above 80% to 90% of MaxHR. Conversely, recovery interval VO 2 should ideally fall within the range of 45% to 60% of VO 2 Max, and/or HR should be around 70% of MaxHR (Marriott et al, 2021; Snarr, 2022). It is important to note that the decoupling of VO 2 and HR responses may occur if major muscle groups are not consistently engaged during high-intensity intervals.…”

“…age, functional fitness, health status) (Alzar-Teruel et al, 2022; Marriott et al, 2021; Taylor, 2019). HIIT sessions among older adults typically range from 1:3 to 1:1 WRR (Elboim-Gabyzon et al, 2021; Marriott et al, 2021; Snarr, 2022). The APEX HIIT intervals began with a 1:2 WRR and progressed to a 3:4 WRR in the final week of the intervention.…”