“…A number of studies conducted in the U.S. collectively suggest that Muslims, particularly women, generally face more barriers to participation in PA compared to non-Muslims and to conditions encountered in their Islamic birth/heritage country including issues related to access, scheduling, clothing, gender roles, normative beliefs, self-efficacy, knowledge, social support, neighborhood conditions, and others [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Cultural factors, including level of community and familial social support for Muslim women engaging in PA, may dictate the environmental/structural conditions necessary for their unimpeded access to PA (e.g., need for modest dress, discrete changing spaces, and single-sex PA classes, instructors, and supervision) [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 ].…”