Formation process of joint contracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rats

Kaneguchi, Akinori; Ozawa, Junya; Minamimoto, Kengo; Yamaoka, Kaoru

doi:10.1002/jor.24800

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This indicates that intermuscular collagen deposition began to increase in the rst week of immobilization, but decreased after 4 weeks of immobilization. Previous studies have shown that this may be associated with gradual resolution of the in ammatory and brotic response after immobilization [11]. This was demonstrated by the reduction in collagen content and TGF-β1 protein expression over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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A Novel External Immobilization Method to Establish a Rat Model of Knee Extension Contracture

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The study aimed to elucidate the formation process and therapeutic strategies of knee extension contracture, we developed a novel rat model using an aluminum external fixator.Methods: Sixty male SD rats with mature bones were divided into the control group (n=6) and groups that had the left knee immobilized with an aluminum external fixator for 1, 2, and 3 days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks (n=6 in each group). The passive extension range of motion, histology, and expression of fibrosis-related proteins were compared between the control group and the immobilization groups.Results: Myogenic contracture progressed very quickly during the initial 2 weeks of immobilization; after 2 weeks, the contracture gradually changed from myogenic to arthrogenic. The arthrogenic contracture progressed slowly during the first week, rapidly progressed until the third week, and then showed a steady progression. Histological analysis confirmed that the anterior joint capsule of the extended fixed knee became increasingly thicker over time. Correspondingly, the level of TGFβ-1 in the anterior joint capsule also increased with the immobilization time. Over time, the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers gradually decreased, while the amount of intermuscular collagen and TGFβ-1 increased. Unexpectedly, the amount of intermuscular collagen and TGFβ-1 decreased during the late stage of immobilization (6–8 weeks).Conclusion: Myogenic contracture is stabilized after 2 weeks of immobilization, while arthrogenic contracture is stabilized after 3 weeks of immobilization. This novel rat model may be a useful tool to study the etiology of joint contracture and establish new therapeutic approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Knee ROM was measured with 5.3 N-cm as the standard torque. This torque brings the knee close to its physiological limit [11] but does not damage the soft tissue [12,13]. The mobility of each left knee was measured three times by two researchers, giving six measurements.…”

Section: Measurement Of Joint Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel External Immobilization Method to Establish a Rat Model of Knee Extension Contracture

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…For rats that underwent ACLR, we performed ACL transection and reconstruction surgery on the right knee using the methods described in previous studies. 24 , 26 Briefly, tail tendons were collected from anesthetized rats (ketamine; 80 mg/kg, xylazine; 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and quadruple-bundle autografts were prepared. After opening the knee joint via a medial parapatellar approach, the ACL was exposed and transected using a surgical knife.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Joint Immobilization and Treadmill Exercise on Articular Cartilage After ACL Reconstruction in Rats

Kaneguchi

Ozawa

Yamaoka

2022

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: The development of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is an important issue. However, the appropriate rehabilitation protocol to prevent cartilage degeneration due to postoperative osteoarthritis is unclear. Purpose: To examine the effects of joint immobilization and treadmill exercise on articular cartilage after ACLR. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 55 rats received unilateral knee ACL transection and reconstruction surgery using tail tendon autografts. After surgery, rats were reared without intervention, with joint immobilization, or with daily treadmill exercise (12 m/minute, 60 minutes/day, 6 days/week). Treadmill exercise was initiated at 3 or 14 days postoperatively. After 2 weeks of immobilization, the fixation device was removed from some of the immobilized rats, and the knee was allowed to move freely for 2 weeks. Untreated, age-matched rats (n = 8) were used as controls. At 2 or 4 weeks after starting the experiment, cartilage degeneration in the medial tibial plateau was histologically assessed using a modified Mankin score, cartilage thickness, chondrocyte density, and immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the anterior, middle, and posterior regions. Results: After ACLR, cartilage degeneration in the anterior region characterized by increased Mankin score, accompanied with increased COX-2 expression, was detected. Joint immobilization after ACLR facilitated cartilage degeneration, which is detected by histological changes such as reductions in cartilage thickness, chondrocyte density, and high Mankin scores. Enhanced COX-2 expression in all degenerated cartilage regions was also detected. It was found that 2 weeks of remobilization could not restore cartilage degeneration induced by 2 weeks of immobilization after ACLR. Treadmill exercise after ACLR did not affect most articular cartilage parameters, regardless of the timing of exercise. Conclusion: Our results indicated that (1) immobilization after ACLR accelerates cartilage degeneration, even when applied only for 2 weeks, and (2) mild exercise during early phases after ACLR does not facilitate cartilage degeneration. Clinical Relevance: To reduce cartilage degeneration, periods of joint immobilization after ACLR should be minimized. Mild exercise during the early phases after ACLR will not negatively affect articular cartilage.

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“…Once developed, the patients' quality of life is greatly affected, permanent contracture with continuous deterioration develops, and the patient becomes permanently disabled [1,3]. Among many causes of joint contracture, joint immobilization is the most common one [1][2][3][4]. In the process of joint immobilization, arthrogenic and myogenic components are involved in the occurrence and development of joint contracture [1,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible mechanism of static progressive stretching combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in reducing knee joint contracture in rats based on MAPK/ERK pathway

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2022

Bosn J of Basic Med Sci

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The study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of static progressive stretching (SPS) combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on extension knee joint contracture in rats and the effect on the MAPK/ERK pathway in the development of joint capsule fibrosis. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank control group, immobilization model group, natural recovery group, ESWT intervention group, SPS intervention group, and SPS combined with ESWT intervention group. The left knee joints of the rats, except for the control group, were fixed with an external fixation brace for four weeks at full extension to form joint contractures. The therapeutic effect of each intervention was assessed by evaluating total and arthrogenic contracture, the number of total cells and collagen deposition in the anterior joint capsule, the protein levels of TGF-β1, FGF-2, and ERK2 in the anterior joint capsule, the mean optical density of upstream RAS and downstream ERK2 positive expression in the MAPK/ERK pathway. SPS in combination with ESWT was more effective in relieving joint contracture, improving the histopathological changes in the anterior joint capsule, and suppressing the high expression of target proteins and the overactivated MAPK/ERK pathway. The overactivated MAPK/ERK pathway was involved in the formation of extension knee joint contracture in rats. SPS in combination with ESWT was effective in relieving joint contracture and fibrosis of joint capsule. Moreover, the inhibition of the overactivated MAPK/ERK pathway may be the potential molecular mechanism for its therapeutic effect.

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Formation process of joint contracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rats

Cited by 24 publications

References 41 publications

A Novel External Immobilization Method to Establish a Rat Model of Knee Extension Contracture

A Novel External Immobilization Method to Establish a Rat Model of Knee Extension Contracture

Effects of Joint Immobilization and Treadmill Exercise on Articular Cartilage After ACL Reconstruction in Rats

Possible mechanism of static progressive stretching combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in reducing knee joint contracture in rats based on MAPK/ERK pathway

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