“…It is, however, known that α-dicarbonyls, particularly short-chain α-dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, will rapidly react with other components in milk, such as Lys, Arg, and Cys residues to form AGEs . We have previously found that 3-DG was formed in high concentrations in aqueous solutions of commercial GOS within 24 h of incubation at 40 °C compared to that of lactose or monosaccharides. , It was, therefore, of interest to examine whether 3-DG would be formed to a similar extent in GOS milk compared to a model aqueous solution of commercial GOS. As shown in Figure A, 330 ± 6 μM 3-DG was detected in GOS milk, which is ca.…”