Formation of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Electrochemical Deposition Technique for Applications in Sensorics and Biomedicine

Investigation of primary nanocracks of atomically smooth metals

“…where W is the energy variation in a plane stress state of the considered solid body, σ is is the applied stress, L G is the crack size, E is the Young's modulus, and γ 1 and γ 2 are the specific surface energies of a layer with thickness R 1 and internal layers of the considered solid body. New surfaces with their specific surface energies represented by quantities γ 1 and γ 2 in formula (7) emerge in the course of development of a nanocrack.…”

“…What are the sizes of primary nanocracks of atomically smooth metals? This question is a complicated one and has not been answered yet, since nanocracks and their growth specify the conditions of fracture of solids [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. A number of models of nanocrack formation were presented in [1,[8][9][10]: the Griffith model (Griffith examined the variation of energy of a body with a crack under load and derived an energy fracture criterion [1]); the Zener−Stroh−Petch, Cottrell, Bullough−Gilman, Orowan−Stroh, Coble, Nabarro−Herring models; etc.…”