Formation of ultrafine three-dimensional hierarchical birnessite-type MnO2 nanoflowers for supercapacitor

Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of birnessite-type MnO2 nanoparticles for high performance supercapacitor applications

“…Among these forms, d-MnO 2 (also known as birnessite-type MnO 2 ) has gained special attention as an electrode material for supercapacitors because of its thin sheetlike lamellar structure stabilized by alkali ions (Na + or K + ) and crystallized water, which is similar to that of hydrated ruthenium oxide [12]. Such structure can be beneficial to facilitate the cations' intercalation/deintercalation process [13,14] Several methods have been developed to prepare various birnessite-type MnO 2 nanostructures, including hydrothermal synthesis [15][16][17], microemulsion route [18], polyol-reflux [19], oxidation reaction procedure [13,14,20], and electrodeposition [21]. Compared with these synthetic methods, microwave-assisted route is a very fast, simple, and effective method for synthesis of MnO 2 materials [22,23].…”

Controlled synthesis of hierarchical birnessite-type MnO 2 nanoflowers for supercapacitor applications

“…A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Hierarchical architecture MnO 2 nanoflowers have been regarded as one of the optimal nanostructure because of the rational open structure which can shorten the transport path length of electrons and cations [23,24]. However, the fabrication of this hierarchical architecture still faces a challenge owing to the fast and complicated growing process.…”

H–TiO2/C/MnO2 nanocomposite materials for high-performance supercapacitors

“…However, the practical capacitance of MnO 2 materials is far lower than their theoretical specific capacitance because of their intrinsically poor electronic conductivity and densely packed structure (Toupin et al 2004). Hence, considerable efforts were devoted to either combine the conductive materials to improve the electrical conductivity or synthesize nanostructured MnO 2 to increase the surface area, which was expected to improve the electrochemical performance of MnO 2 (Dai et al 2014;Yan et al 2014;Zhu et al 2014).…”