Formation of the Phrygian state: the Early Iron Age at Gordion

Abstract

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Archaeological markers of agricultural risk management

“…Excavations at the site since the 1950s have produced a wealth of archaeological material, including the furnishings of a major burial tumulus once thought to be the resting place of the historical King Midas, but now redated to c. 740 BCE, decades before his death (DeVries et al, 2003;Voigt, 2009;Young, 1981). Excavations between 1988-2002, under the direction of Voigt, instituted total recovery of faunal remains and extensive sampling of carbonized plant remains from a full variety of contexts spanning the entire occupation sequence of the site (Voigt, 1994(Voigt, , 2002(Voigt, , 2005Voigt et al, 1997;Voigt and Henrickson, 2000;Voigt and Young, 1999). More than 470 flotation samples (Marston, 2010;Miller, 2010) and 13,000 animal bones (Zeder and Arter, 1994) have been analyzed from these recent excavations and form an exemplary dataset for testing questions of long-term change in agricultural risk management practices.…”

Post‐collapse: The Re‐emergence of Polity in Iron Age Boğazköy, Central Anatolia

“…The subsequent Early Iron Age (EIA) period is often seen as a ‘Dark Age’. The disruptions of the LBA and EIA throughout Anatolia and the Levant are typically related to migration and invasion, as well as to internal processes of consolidation and realignment (Joffe 2002; Sams 1995; Voigt and Henrickson 2000). However, evidence of the emergence of Iron Age polities at the end of the EIA and in the Middle Iron Age (MIA) remains highly fragmentary and poorly understood, a situation compounded by the relative rarity of EIA sites (Genz 2003).…”

“…Ceramics are used here as a measure of social, political and economic interaction. To the south, for example, ceramics reflect interaction with the Mediterranean littoral (Crespin 1999; Hansen and Postgate 1999), while to the west, influences from western Anatolia seem to predominate (Voigt and Henrickson 2000). At Boğazköy, EIA ceramics initially reveal some continuity with the LBA; however, Hittite forms and the use of wheel technologies disappear quite rapidly.…”

“…There is also a change in decoration (increase in painted motifs; Genz 2003; 2004a). At Gordion, Voigt and Henrickson (2000) argue, based on changes in ceramics, foodways and architecture, for a series of peaceful in‐migrations of populations in the EIA. In contrast, at Boğazköy, Genz (2003) sees internal breakdown and reconfiguration instead of in‐migration.…”

“…A general feature of the MIA is the florescence of more widespread interaction and the establishment of regional scale polities (Gates 1999; Grave et al . 2008; Sams 1995; Voigt and Henrickson 2000) that are significant enough to cause problems for the Neo‐Assyrians (Sams 1995). Lydian, Persian and Greek invasions of central Anatolia from the sixth century onward further reshaped the political and economic landscape in the second half of the first millennium BC.…”