Formation of the myelinated nerve fiber layer in the chicken retina

Nakazawa, Tomoko; Tachi, Sumie; Aikawa, Eizo; Ihnuma, Morio

doi:10.1002/glia.440080207

Cited by 41 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The cells appeared to enter the retina, migrate across the retina, and differentiate during the time period described previously for glia of the chick retina (Fu and Qui, 2001). They appeared within the ventral fissure (the avian optic nerve head) at approximately E10 and migrated toward the periphery, while dividing and maintaining a bipolar shape, as reported previously (Nakazawa et al, 1993). The groups of cells were interpreted to be clones because of the general lack of mixing of cells infected with two different viruses encoding two different fluorescent proteins.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…2b). Because glial cells are known to divide as they migrate (Nakazawa et al, 1993;Chan-Ling et al, 2009), infected E12 retinas were explanted for 1 d in vitro in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The GFP ϩ cells with a migratory posture were found to be labeled with BrdU and thus had undergone an S phase, consistent with being dividing cells (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Common Progenitor for Retinal Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

Rompani¹,

Cepko²

2010

J. Neurosci.

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Developing neural tissue undergoes a period of neurogenesis followed by a period of gliogenesis. The lineage relationships among glial cell types have not been defined for most areas of the nervous system. Here we use retroviruses to label clones of glial cells in the chick retina. We found that almost every clone had both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In addition, we discovered a novel glial cell type, with features intermediate between those of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which we have named the diacyte. Diacytes also share a progenitor cell with both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Common Progenitor for Retinal Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

Rompani¹,

Cepko²

2010

J. Neurosci.

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“…Abbreviations: AC, amacrine cells; d, days; dpf, days post-fertilization; E, embryonic day; GCL, ganglion cell layer; h, hours; hpf, hours post-fertilization; INL, inner nuclear layer; MC, Müller cells; ONL, outer nuclear layer; P, postnatal; wg, weeks of gestation. Time of retinal cell differentiation in hours, days or weeks in the retinal layers of: zebrafish (Branchek and Bremiller, 1984;Kljavin, 1987;Schmitt and Dowling, 1994), Xenopus (Stiemke and Hollyfield, 1995), chicken (Nakazawa et al, 1993;Bruhn and Cepko, 1996;Schlosshaver et al, 1997;Anezary et al, 2001;Rothermel and Layer, 2003), rat (Reese and Colello, 1992;Johanson et al, 2000), mouse (Young, 1985;Colello and Guillery, 1992), and human (Nag and Wadhwa, 1999), during retinal development. Abbreviations: AC, amacrine cells; ACD, displaced amacrine cells; BC, bipolar cells; C, cones; d, days; dpf, days post-fertilization; E, embryonic day; GCL, ganglion cell layer; h, hours; HC, horizontal cells; hpf, hours post-fertilization; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; MC, Müller cells; ONL, outer nuclear layer; P, postnatal; R, rods; wg, weeks of gestation; *, first wave of differentiation; **, second wave of differentiation.…”

Section: Concluding Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Vecino¹,

Hernández²,

Garcı́a³

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Programmed cell death occurs naturally, as a physiological process, during the embryonic development of multicellular organisms. In the retina, which belongs to the central nervous system, at least two phases of cell death have been reported to occur during development. An early phase takes place concomitant with the processes of neurogenesis, cell migration and cell differentiation. A later phase affecting mainly neurons occurs when connections are established and synapses are formed, resulting in selective elimination of inappropriate connections. This pattern of cell death in the developing retina is common among different vertebrates. However, the timing and magnitude of retinal cell death varies among species. In addition, a precise regulation of apoptosis during retinal development has been described. Factors such as neurotrophins, among many others, and electrical activity influence the survival of retinal cells during the course of development. In this paper, we present a summary of these different aspects of programmed cell death during retinal development, and examine how these differ among different species.

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“…Cells with dark cytoplasm located in the ganglion cell layer have been described as displaced Mueller cells in the pigeon and chicken [12,13]. Recently, Nakazawa et al [18] have reported that the dark cells in the NFL of chick embryos and young chickens are myelin forming cells similar to oligodendrocytes. The results of the present study agree with those of Nakazawa et al [18] with regard to the dark cells being the myelin forming cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Nakazawa et al [18] have reported that the dark cells in the NFL of chick embryos and young chickens are myelin forming cells similar to oligodendrocytes. The results of the present study agree with those of Nakazawa et al [18] with regard to the dark cells being the myelin forming cells. The myelin forming cells had several of the same features as oligodendrocytes; ultrastructures such as microtubules and numerous polysomes, and immunohistochemically positive reaction against MBP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Studies of the Optic Nerve Fiber Layer in the Chicken Retina.

Imagawa

Fujita

Kitagawa

et al. 1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The optic nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the chicken retina was studied quantitatively and morphologically at 17 positions along seven radially arranged bands from the dorsal tip of the pecten oculi using electron microscopy. The number of nerve fibers was counted in areas 6 µm in width × the full thickness of the NFL. Myelinated nerve fibers in the NFL were also identified immunohistochemically using anti-myelin basic protein serum. The dorsal area (dorsal, dorso-temporal and dorso-nasal bands) in the retina had thin NFL and contained the largest number of nerve fibers, which were mainly thin and unmyelinated. The ventral area (ventral and ventro-temporal bands) had a thick NFL and contained a relatively small number of nerve fibers, many of which were myelinated. The nasal band had the thickest NFL and contained as many nerve fibers as the dorsal area, with the temporal band showing a high ratio of myelinated fibers. The band had a thick NFL and contained many nerve fibers with a relatively low ratio of myelinated fibers. The relationship between the number and composition of nerve fibers in the NFL to the chicken visual characteristics was discussed. Although the myelin in the chicken retina was loose type, the myelin-forming cells were similar in appearance to dense oligodendrocytes. -KEY WORDS: chicken retina, morphometry, myelinated fiber, nerve fiber layer.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(8): 883-889, 1999 MATERIALS AND METHODS Five White Leghorn chickens, 7 to 14 months old, were used for quantitative analysis. Two chickens were anesthetized with diethyl ether and they were perfused with 1.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at pH 7.4 or 3% glutaraldehyde in PB containing 1.5 mM CaCl 2 . The eyes were enucleated and opened by an encircling cut at the ora serrata, and the posterior parts were immersed in the same fixatives for another 2 hr. Three chickens were killed by cervical exsanguination under diethyl ether anesthesia, the eyes were removed as soon as possible, and the posterior half of the eye was immersed in the fixative mentioned above. The posterior half of the eye in all chickens was postfixed in 1% OsO 4 in the same buffer for 1.5 hr at 4°C. The tissues were dehydrated in ethanol. During the dehydration, seven retinal bands, radially arranged from the dorsal tip of the pecten oculi, were dissected out. These were the nasal (N), dorso-nasal (DN), dorsal (D), dorso-temporal (DT), temporal (T), ventrotemporal (VT), and ventral (V) bands. A naso-ventral band could not be obtained, because the pecten oculi occupies this place. Electron microscopic observations and measurements were carried out at 1 mm (position I) and 4 mm (position II) from the margin of the pecten oculi for all bands, and at 8 mm (position III) for N, DN and D bands (Fig. 1). Thus, morphological observations and measurements were obtained at 17 locations for each eye. The tissues were stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate, and embedded in Epok-812. Thin sections were cut vertical to the plane of the retina. Micro...

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Formation of the myelinated nerve fiber layer in the chicken retina

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

A Common Progenitor for Retinal Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

A Common Progenitor for Retinal Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina

Quantitative Studies of the Optic Nerve Fiber Layer in the Chicken Retina.

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