Formation of the Muzo hydrothermal emerald deposit in Colombia

On the Identification of Various Emerald Filling Substances

“…For one thing, as they are recovered, most emeralds have many fissures (see, e.g., Sinkankas, 1981;Ottaway et al, 1994). In addition, there are many more potential emerald buyers with high expectations of color and clarity (see, e.g., figure 1) than there are untreated gems to satisfy this demand.…”

Red Beryl from Utah: A Review and Update

“…Average wholerock Be concentrations in the rhyolite range up to about 25 ppm-similar to Be values found in other topaz rhyolites (Christiansen et al, 1986). Even at only 25 ppm, there is sufficient Be in the rhyolite to crystallize the red beryl along fractures (for comparison, the organic black shales at Muzo Colombia, thought to be the source of beryllium for the emerald deposits, have an average Be concentration of only 3 ± 0.5 ppm; Ottaway et al, 1994). Be mobilization was enhanced by the very low Ca contents of the host rhyolite (<0.01-0.18 wt.% CaO, compared to about 0.5-0.9 wt.% for other topaz rhyolites; see Keith et al, 1994).…”

Pressure-temperature-fluid constraints for the Emmaville-Torrington emerald deposit, New South Wales, Australia: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies

“…The Emmaville-Torrington emeralds are categorized as a Type 1 deposit, whereas surrounding rocks are metasediments rather than schists. The most common example of emeralds deriving Cr and V chromophoric material from sediments are the world's largest and richest emerald deposits at Muzo, Colombia [27,28]. However, the geological environment at Emmaville and Torrington is more similar to the Byrud emerald deposit in Norway.…”