Formation of Siliceous Spicules in Demosponges: Example Suberites domuncula

Müller, Werner; Wang, Xiaohong; Беликов, С. И.; Tremel, Wolfgang; Schloßmacher, Ute; Natoli, Antonino; Brandt, David; Boreiko, Alexandra; Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz; Müller, Isabel M.; Schröder, Heinz C.

doi:10.1002/9783527619443.ch4

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Two major reasons contributed to the evolutionary success of the poriferan taxon: i) symbiosis with microorganisms and ii) the presence of hard skeletons. [9] The maintenance of symbiotic relationships with unicellular organisms allowed sponges to survive adverse environmental conditions because the autotrophic microbial symbionts represented rich organic carbon sources. On the other hand, the development of skeletal elements facilitated an increase in size, a common metazoan phyletic trend also known as Cope's Rule: [21] since changes in body size affect almost every aspect of life [22] two strategies have been developed in animals to circumvent any constraints.…”

Section: Siliceous Sponge Spicules and Their Morphological Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diameter of the axial filament (in S. domuncula) varies between 0.5 and 2 mm, see the review in Ref. [9] 3.2. The Enzyme…”

Section: Silicatein From Siliceous Sponges: a Unique Form Of Enzymatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1d) has been described for the biosilicification process in siliceous sponges. [9] In these animals (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida) the enzyme silicatein is catalytically involved in the formation of biosilica, [9][10][11] and concurrently serves as organic scaffold for the inorganic poly-silicate mineral product. [12,13] Hence it acts as both bio-seed and organic matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

et al. 2010

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Japan) in consideration of his distinguished achievements in biomedicine. REVIEWMost forms of multicellular life have developed a calcium-based skeleton, while only a few specialized organisms complement their body plan with silica, such as sponges (phylum Porifera). However, the way in which sponges synthesize their silica is exceptional. They use an enzyme, silicatein, for the polymerization/polycondensation of silica, and thereby form their highly resistant and stabile massive siliceous skeletal elements (spicules). During this biomineralization process (i.e., biosilicification), hydrated amorphous silica is deposited within highly specialized sponge cells, ultimately resulting in structures that range in size from micrometers to meters. This peculiar phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in recent years and by several approaches; the molecular background was explored to create tools that might be employed for novel bio-inspired biotechnological and biomedical applications. Thus, it was discovered that spiculogenesis is mediated by the enzyme silicatein and starts intracellularly. The resulting silica nanoparticles fuse and subsequently form concentric lamellar layers around a central protein filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin-1. Once the growing spicule is extruded into the extracellular space, it gains its final size and shape. Again, this process is mediated by silicatein and silintaphin-1, in combination with other molecules such as galectin and collagen. The molecular toolbox generated so far allows the fabrication of novel micro-and nanostructured composites, contributing to the economical and sustainable synthesis of biomaterials with unique characteristics.

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Section: Siliceous Sponge Spicules and Their Morphological Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diameter of the axial filament (in S. domuncula) varies between 0.5 and 2 mm, see the review in Ref. [9] 3.2. The Enzyme…”

Section: Silicatein From Siliceous Sponges: a Unique Form Of Enzymatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

et al. 2010

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“…Starting in 1999, it was evident that silicatein alpha could catalyze biosilicification based on the activity of the Ser/His and Cys/His proteases [7]. Since then, it has been discovered that several classes of biomolecules can mediate the formation of biosilica, including enzyme proteins [8][9][10][11][12], glycoproteins [13], polyamines [14] and polyamine-modified peptides [15][16][17]. The fact that the protein filaments and their constituent subunits induce the polymerization of silica and silicone polymer network, both under chemical, and spatial control, has initiated a new era in silica applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosilica – Nanocomposites – Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications

Chaniotakis

Buiculescu

2012

Biomedical Materials and Diagnostic Devices

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Biosilicification is a process by which silica-based nanostructures are formed (biosilica) through a biopolymer-based catalysis. Found in nature, biosilica is produced by many organisms and is renowned for its elaborate shapes down to nanoscale size. Biosilica is physically very strong, biocompatible, and has unique optical and chemical properties. Its surface is covered with chemically functional groups which are ideal for functionalization, protein adsorption and enzyme stabilization. Biomolecules entrapped within biosilica are highly stabilized from chemical denaturation, while protected from protease attacks. The ability to synthesize biosilica in the laboratory has set the grounds for the beginning of a new technological era which will provide us with novel devices and tools applicable to a variety of technologies. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of the engineering applications of biosilica in the biomedical and sensing areas.

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“…In addition to about 10 putative protein kinase phosphorylation sites, silicateins display a cluster of serine residues that is found to be close to the central aa residue of the catalytic triad, but is otherwise missing in cathepsins. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that silicateins form a separate branch from cathepsins (39). Demosponge silicateins are subdivided into two/three isoforms, termed…”

Section: Silicatein the Major Protein Existing Within The Silica Matmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐healing, an intrinsic property of biomineralization processes

et al. 2013

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The sponge siliceous spicules are formed enzymatically via silicatein, in contrast to other siliceous biominerals. Originally, silicatein had been described as a major structural protein of the spicules that has the property to allow a specific deposition of silica onto their surface. More recently, it had been unequivocally demonstrated that silicatein displays a genuine enzyme activity, initiating and maintaining silica biopolycondensation at low precursor concentrations (<2 mM). Even more, as silicatein becomes embedded into the biosilica polymer, formed by the enzyme, it retains its functionality to enable a controlled biosilica deposition. The protection of silicatein through the biosilica mantel is so strong that it conserves the functionality of the enzyme for thousands of years. The implication of this finding, the preservation of the enzyme function over such long time periods, is that the intrinsic property of silicatein to display its enzymatic activity remains in the biosilica deposits. This self-healing property of sponge biosilica can be utilized to engineer novel hybrid materials, with silicatein as a functional template, which are more resistant toward physical stress and fracture. Those hybrid materials can even be used for the fabrication of silica dielectrics coupled to optical nanowires. V C 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(5):382-396, 2013.

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Formation of Siliceous Spicules in Demosponges: Example Suberites domuncula

Cited by 36 publications

References 32 publications

Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation

Biosilica – Nanocomposites – Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications

Self‐healing, an intrinsic property of biomineralization processes

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