Formation of PbO hexagonal nanosheets and their conversion into luminescent inorganic–organic perovskite nanosheets: growth and mechanism

Abstract

We report the formation of inorganic-organic (IO) hybrid perovskite (C 6 H 9 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 hexagonal nanosheets, using anisotropically grown PbO hexagonal nanosheets as a parent material. In place of the conventional chemical synthesis route, the PbO hexagonal nanosheets have been synthesized by the bottom-up electrochemical deposition technique. Conversion of PbO into the desired hybrid material has been achieved by the intercalation of organic moieties into the alternate layers of inorganic networks. These hybrid structures have shown strong room-temperature excitonic emission at 518 nm.An extensive study has been performed to observe the deposition parameters responsible for the growth of a well-defined hexagonal nanosheet. High-resolution transmission electron microscope results confirmed the growth of single crystalline hexagonal nanosheets in (110) plane orientation. Investigation of the surface morphology, further verified the formation of nanosheets with a smooth surface having an average roughness of 2 nm. The study revealed that the anisotropic growth of nanosheets is a result of different growth rates of crystal faces associated with the crystal lattice. ; Tel: +91 11 26591326 † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Fig. S1: cyclic voltammogram of electrolyte solution used for deposition and X-ray diffraction pattern of as-deposited PbO lm. Table S1 shows the percentage of elemental composition of PbO nanosheets given by EDX result. Fig. S2 shows the effect of pH and concentration of precursors in the deposition bath. Fig. S3 shows the growth of hexagonal nanosheets as a result of secondary nucleation on the substrate. Fig. S4 shows the white light confocal microscopic images of PbO hexagonal nanosheets and photoluminescence images of converted inorganic-organic perovskite nanosheets. See

Silicon‐Based Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic Applications

“…The thickness variation is attributable to an increase in the interlayer separation along the c direction during the conversion of PbO (4.75 Å) to CHPI (17.18 Å). We reported in previous studies that by controlling electro deposition conditions one can obtain granule sizes ranging from few nanometers to as big as microsized crystals . Overall from the present study, it can be concluded that the electrochemical method ensures nearly complete space filling of the pores in porous silicon with PbO and that the intercalation process ensures the conversion of the components to the desired PS‐CHPI nanocomposite.…”

“…X-ray diffraction patterns (Figure1a) clearly show the presence of deposited PbO and its conversion into the desired CHPI. Thed eposited PbO within the porous silicon is predominantly present in the orthorhombic phase; [23] after intercalationo f2 -(1-cyclohexenyl)ethylammonium iodide(CHI) into PbO,t he appearance of strong (0 0 l)( l = 1, 2, 3) diffraction peaks indicates the conversion into layered CHPI. [22][23][24] These 2D hybrid layered materials essentially consists of infinitely extended sheets of corner-sharedP bI 6 octahedra separated by two organic( C 6 H 9 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) + cations.…”

“…Thed eposited PbO within the porous silicon is predominantly present in the orthorhombic phase; [23] after intercalationo f2 -(1-cyclohexenyl)ethylammonium iodide(CHI) into PbO,t he appearance of strong (0 0 l)( l = 1, 2, 3) diffraction peaks indicates the conversion into layered CHPI. [22][23][24] These 2D hybrid layered materials essentially consists of infinitely extended sheets of corner-sharedP bI 6 octahedra separated by two organic( C 6 H 9 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) + cations. [5,15] In the final PS-CHPI composite,t races of PbO are also visible,w hich could possibly be due to incompletew etting of nanoporous-siliconsurface.…”

“…Recently, growth of 3D perovskite nanorods within an IR‐transparent nanoporous silicon template prepared using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was reported . However, for complete space filling, growth, and nucleation on the nanoscale, electrochemical deposition is more suitable and very few reports are available because of fabrication issues . Combination of self‐assembled hybrid perovskites and nanoporous silicon on the nanoscale is thus essential to understand both fundamental and practical aspects for the application of these materials in advanced new‐generation optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaics, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and sensors.…”

Ultrasonically assisted synthesis of lead oxide nanoflowers using ball milling

“…Till date, to synthesize PbO nanostructures viz. nanoparticles [5], nanorods [6], nanosheets [7,8] as well as nanowires, hexagonal nanoplates, and microspheres [9,10] above mentioned chemical techniques have been used. But, there are rare reports on the synthesis of PbO nanodiscs/nanoflowers using simple and cost-effective precipitation method.…”