Formation of nanostructured surface layer, the white layer, through solid particles impingement during slurry erosion in a martensitic medium-carbon steel

Javaheri, Vahid; Sadeghpour, Saeed; Karjalainen, L.P.; Lindroos, M.; Haiko, Oskari; Sarmadi, Negin; Pallaspuro, Sakari; Valtonen, Kati; Pahlevani, Farshid; Laukkanen, Anssi; Kömi, Jukka

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2022.204301

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Such fine-scale layers created during slurry erosion have been observed to exhibit cell-like structures with nearly nano-sized grains [14]. It has been proposed that the extremely deformed surface structure shows different mechanisms for increased hardness: grain refinement, increased dislocation density, deformation twinning, and deformation kinking [14]. The fine-grained layer might also provide crack propagation route in between the extremely and severely deformed microstructures, though no cracks could be seen in the current samples.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 75%

“…It can be assumed that the finest region also influenced the hardness of the wear surface. Such fine-scale layers created during slurry erosion have been observed to exhibit cell-like structures with nearly nano-sized grains [14]. It has been proposed that the extremely deformed surface structure shows different mechanisms for increased hardness: grain refinement, increased dislocation density, deformation twinning, and deformation kinking [14].…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apparently, the used test setup of the dry-pot testing in this study did not create as harsh conditions compared to severe impact loading and subsequent surface fatigue that the white layer would have fractured and peeled off. It has been discussed in some studies [14,15,17], whether the white layer might provide protection against wear in certain conditions. However, due to the fact that only very shallow white layer was observed, and no cracks were visible, it can be stated that the increase in hardness caused by the deformed microstructure most probably reduced the wear to some extent, but the role of actual white layer was not as substantial.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although martensitic steels are often thought to exhibit strong correlation between initial hardness and wear TRIBOLOGIA -Finnish Journal of Tribology 3−4 vol 39/2022 32 This work was presented in NORDTRIB 2022 performance [1,9], the martensitic steels have been seen to have very different wear behavior despite similar initial hardness level [11,12]. Most importantly, the importance and mechanisms of work-hardening of martensitic steels during wear has been discussed lately [11,13,14]. However, the complete understanding of wear behavior of martensitic steels in high-stress abrasive conditions still requires more research, especially with steels exceeding the 700 HV hardness level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel

Haiko

Valtonen²,

Kaijalainen³

et al. 2022

Finnish J. Trib.

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Ultra-high strength steels are widely utilized in many applications operating in harsh abrasive wear conditions. For instance, the machineries used in mining and mineral handling or in agricultural sector require robust, but cost-effective wear-resistant materials. Steels provide excellent combination of mechanical properties and usability. This study encompasses mechanical and wear testing of an experimental medium-carbon press-hardening steel. The as-received material was austenitized at two different temperatures and quenched in water. Additionally, low-temperature tempering was applied for one variant. In total, three variants of the press-hardening steel were produced. Microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were conducted for the steel samples. The wear testing was carried out with high-stress abrasive method, in which the samples were rotated inside a crushed granite bed. A commercial 400 HB grade wear-resistant steel was included in the wear testing as a reference. The experimental steel showed very high mechanical properties reaching tensile strength up to 2600 MPa with hardness of 750 HV10. Wear testing resulted in only minimal differences between the three variants indicating that the improved impact toughness by tempering did not significantly affect the wear resistance. The reference steel had nearly two times greater mass loss compared to the higher hardness press-hardening steels. Microhardness measurements on the worn surface showed drastic increase in hardness for the deformed structure for all samples. It was concluded that even the high-hardness martensitic steels exhibit notable wear surface work-hardening. Therefore, hardness was determined to be the most significant factor affecting the wear performance of studied steels.

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel

Haiko

Valtonen²,

Kaijalainen³

et al. 2022

Finnish J. Trib.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For AerMet100 steel, the main microstructure changes are grain refinement, phase transformation and white-layer generation. The white layer appears featureless and white when observed in an optical microscope after standard metallographic preparation and has significantly high microhardness [3]. It has been widely considered that the microhardness and white layer have a greater impact on the machined surface and directly influence the fatigue strength and service life of the final products [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multiphysics Model for Predicting Microstructure Changes and Microhardness of Machined AerMet100 Steel

et al. 2022

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The machined-surface integrity plays a critical role in corrosion resistance and fatigue properties of ultra-high-strength steels. This work develops a multiphysics model for predicting the microstructure changes and microhardness of machined AerMet100 steel. The variations of stress, strain and temperature of the machined workpiece are evaluated by constructing a finite-element model of the orthogonal cutting process. Based on the multiphysics fields, the analytical models of phase transformation and dislocation density evolution are built up. The white layer is modeled according to the phase-transformation mechanism and the effects of stress and plastic strain on real phase-transformation temperature are taken into consideration. The microhardness changes are predicted by a model that accounts for both dislocation density and phase-transformation evolution processes. Experimental tests are carried out for model validation. The predicted results of cutting force, white-layer thickness and microhardness are in good agreement with the measured data. Additionally, from the proposed model, the correlation between the machined-surface characteristics and processing parameters is established.

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Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Direct‐Quenched Wear‐Resistant Steel by Deformed Austenite

Jia

Deng

Wang

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Herein, thermomechanically controlled processing (TMCP) and direct‐quenching (DQ) process are investigated to improve the mechanical and wear properties of wear‐resistant steel, compared to the reheating–quenching (RQ) process. Scanning electron microscope, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and X‐ray diffraction are employed to characterize the microstructures of the DQ and RQ specimens, and the mechanical and wear properties are investigated using the Vickers hardness, impact, tensile, and stirring wear tests for both processes. The results show that DQ steel exhibits strong plasticity, impact toughness, and wear resistance; the DQ process also retains the deformed austenite formed by rolling in the nonrecrystallization region. The compressed austenite reduces the size of the martensite lath and block structure, increases the density and proportion of the high‐angle grain boundaries, and improves the plasticity and toughness of DQ steel. Meanwhile, DQ steel also inherits the high‐density dislocations created during the rolling process, which is its primary strengthening mechanism. The deformed grains in DQ steel reduce the Schmid factor, improve resistance to wear deformation, and enhance its wear performance.

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Formation of nanostructured surface layer, the white layer, through solid particles impingement during slurry erosion in a martensitic medium-carbon steel

Cited by 12 publications

References 48 publications

High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel

High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel

A Multiphysics Model for Predicting Microstructure Changes and Microhardness of Machined AerMet100 Steel

Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Direct‐Quenched Wear‐Resistant Steel by Deformed Austenite

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