Formation of halogenated by-products of parabens in chlorinated water

Canosa, P.; Rodrı́guez, I.; Rubí, E.; Negreira, Noelia; Cela, R.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.068

Cited by 146 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It should be noted that concentrations of PeP, HeP, 3-Cl-Mep and 3-Cl-Etp were below their MDLs in all samples, which may be explained by the rare use of PeP and HeP in Beijing and the limited stability of mono-chlorinated parabens in the aquatic environment [26], respectively.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Target Parabens Phba and Chlorinated Parabensmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

140

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Section: Occurrence Of Target Parabens Phba and Chlorinated Parabensmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Additionally, the di-chlorinated parabens were rather resistant to undergo further ozone oxidation or cleavage of the aromatic ring. Therefore, if they are generated in a real life situation, their presence in the aquatic environment appears to be feasible [26].…”

Section: Advanced Treatment Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

140

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“…This may be due to the fact that the dichlorinated parabens are more stable than mono-chlorinated ones in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the di-chlorinated parabens are highly resistant to undergo further chlorine substitution reactions (Canosa et al 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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“…Since parabens have no perceptible odor or taste and have neutral pH, they are used as preservatives in cosmetics, in personal care products applied on the skin, hair, scalp, lips, mucosae and nails, in pharmaceutical products, and even in foods and beverages [1,2]. Because of the wide use, parabens are continuously released into the environment [3,4]. The presence of parabens was determined in wastewater [5][6][7][8][9][10], swimming pool water [8,9,11], river water [7][8][9][10]12], and even in tap water [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, tap water and swimming pool water are amended with free chlorine to ensure their bacteriological quality. In the presence of chlorine, parabens can be converted into more toxic and persistent chlorinated by-products [3,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chromatographic determination of parabens afterin-situderivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Prichodko

Janenaite

Šmitienė

et al. 2012

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in combination with an in situ derivatization is suggested for parabens sampling and preconcentration. The derivatization was carried out with acetic anhydride under alkaline conditions maintained using dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. The effects of an extraction solvent type, extraction and disperser solvents volume, extraction time, and ionic strength of the solution on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Chlorobenzene containing n-hexadecane as internal standard was used as an extracting solvent and acetone was used as a disperser solvent. The calibration graphs were linear up to 10 mg mL −1 , correlation coefficients were 0.997-0.999, enrichment factors were from 70 for methylparaben to 210 for butylparaben, and detection limits were 22, 4.2, 3.3, and 2.5 μg L −1 for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, respectively. Repeatabilities of the results were acceptable with relative standard deviations up to 11%. A possibility to apply the proposed method for parabens determination in water samples was demonstrated.

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Formation of halogenated by-products of parabens in chlorinated water

Cited by 146 publications

References 20 publications

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Gas chromatographic determination of parabens afterin-situderivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

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