Formation of Glutamate and GABA in Epileptogenic Tissue from Human Hippocampus in Vitro

Turský, T; Lassánová, M; Šramka, M; Nádvorník, P

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8444-8_17

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Decreased inhibition mals models (177,178) and in specimens (189)(190)(191)(192) from patients with TLE. Sloviter (179), using the perforant pathway stimulation model, reported that the most vulnerable neurons in the hilus were the so-called "mossy cells," which are believed to synapse with GABA-containing basket cells.…”

Section: Ca3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilepsy in the Developing Brain: Lessons from the Laboratory and Clinic

1997

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Summary:Children with epilepsy present unique challenges to the clinician. In addition to having differences in clinical and EEG phenomena, children differ from adults in regard to etiological factors, response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and outcome. It is now recognized that the immature brain also differs from the mature brain in the basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis and propagation of seizures. The immature brain is more prone to seizures due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain, can lead to depolarization in the hippocampal CA3 region in very young rats. There are also age-related differences in response to GABA agonists and antagonists in the substantia nigra, a structure important in the propagation of seizures. These age-related Epilepsy is a common disorder, leading to staggering costs, both in regard to human suffering and to economics. Because epilepsy frequently begins during childhood and has a higher incidence during the first decade of life than at any other time (l), issues of morbidity and mortality represent a major concern in pediatrics.Clinicians caring for children with epilepsy and developmental neuroscientists have long been aware that the immature brain differs considerably from the mature brain in the development and propagation of seizures, the behavioral and EEG features of the seizures, and their consequences. It is becoming increasingly clear that lessons learned about the mature brain in regard to the pathophysiology and treatment of seizures can not always be applied to the developing brain. An understanding of the unique features of epileptogenesis during development is essential before progress can be made in improving treatment. Despite the significance of the health care problem, it is surprising that relatively little differences in response to GABAergic agents provide further evidence that the pathophysiology of seizures in the immature brain differs from that in the mature brain. Although prolonged seizures can cause brain damage at any age, the extent of brain damage after prolonged seizures is highly age dependent. Far less histological damage and fewer disturbances in cognition result from prolonged seizures in the immature brain than from seizures of similar duration and intensity in mature animals. However, detrimental effects of AEDs may be greater in the immature brain, than in the mature brain. These lessons from the animal laboratory raise questions about the appropriateness of current therapeutic approaches to childhood seizure disorders. Key Words: Epilepsy-Developing brain-Electroencephalography-Epileptogenesis-Pathophysiology . attention has been directed toward developing treatment strategies that specifically address these age-related factors.In this article, features of epileptogenesis during brain development are reviewed and age-related differences in response to seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are discussed. Table 1 shows some of the major p...

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Section: Ca3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilepsy in the Developing Brain: Lessons from the Laboratory and Clinic

1997

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“…251 The small pool of L-glutamic acid is associated with the L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase and with glutamine-synthetase. It is also called the synthetic tricarboxylic acid energy cycle.…”

Section: Marmomentioning

confidence: 99%

L‐glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter in the CNS

Marmo

1988

Medicinal Research Reviews

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“…Evidence of synaptic reorganization has been observed in a variety of animal models, as well as in resected epileptic human temporal lobe tissue [Sutula et al, 1988, 19891. Although the sprouting suggests that recurrent seizures occur secondary to excessive excitability, there is also evidence that recurrent seizures are related to a lack of inhibition. Some investigators have reported that GABA-containing basket cells remain intact in both animal models [Sloviter, 1987, 19911 and human specimens [Tursky et al, 1976;Sherwin et al, 1984;Babb and Brown, 1986;Babb et al, 19891, including specimens from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Sloviter [1987], using perforant pathway stimulation, found that the most vulnerable cells in the hilus are the somatostatin-containing interneurons and niossy cells that normally activate inhibitory GABA-containing basket cells.…”

Section: Recurrent Seizuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of glutamate and GABA in the pathophysiology of epilepsy

Holmes

1995

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Epilepsy, a paroxysmal disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal discharges, is common in children. While the causes of epilepsy are many, the fundamental disorder is secondary to abnormal synchronous discharges of a network of neurons. Whether or not a seizure occurs in a child depends upon the balance between excitability and inhibition. Central nervous system neurotransmitters have significant effects on neuronal excitability and play a pivotal role in brain excitability. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, glutamate, has been implicated in both the initiation and propagation of seizures as well as brain damage that can occur following prolonged or repeated seizures. Gammaaminobutyric acid, the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter, usually suppresses seizure activity, although in absence seizure drugs that enhance GABA may exacerbate seizures. Experience with GABA indicates that certain neurotransmitters may have either anticonvulsant or proconvulsant effects depending on the neuronal networks involved. While other neurotransmitters also have effects on neuronal excitability, their function in epilepsy remains to be defined. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Formation of Glutamate and GABA in Epileptogenic Tissue from Human Hippocampus in Vitro

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Epilepsy in the Developing Brain: Lessons from the Laboratory and Clinic

Epilepsy in the Developing Brain: Lessons from the Laboratory and Clinic

L‐glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter in the CNS

Role of glutamate and GABA in the pathophysiology of epilepsy

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