Formation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds (Cl,Br,I)

Abstract

Introduction Halogenation in Presence of Solid Supports or Catalysts Halogen Exchange and Transhalogenation Reactions Oxyhalogenations Cohalogenation and Mixed Halogenation Halogen–Halogen Reagents Carbon–Halogen Reagents Nitrogen–Halogen and Phosphorus–Halogen Reagents Oxygen–Halogen Reagents Sulfur–Halogen Reagents Silicon–Halogen Reagents Halogenation with Metal Halides and Halodemetallation Halogenation in Special Environments Carbon–Halogen Bond Formation by Extrusion of CO , CO 2 or SO 2 Ring Opening of Oxiranes

Unraveling Halogen Effects in Supramolecular Polymerization

“…Halogens play a crucial role in complex biological processes, such as ligand binding or molecular folding. − Oftentimes, these events are facilitated by directional secondary interactions, where the halogen acts either as an electron acceptor unit (i.e., halogen bonding) − or as a Lewis-basic hydrogen bond acceptor. − In addition to natural systems, halogens are common structural elements of numerous organic and inorganic compounds, conferring them unique physicochemical properties. , For example, the relevance of halogens in synthetic materials (e.g., polyfluorinated coatings, , polybrominated flame-retardants , ), pharmaceuticals, , pesticides, and other applications (e.g., catalysis) − has been widely documented. Additionally, halogens are well-known supramolecular synthons that have been used in different fields, such as anion binding, gels, , liquid crystals, , crystal engineering, and others. , More specifically, supramolecular polymers − have recently been recognized as important 1D/2D model systems that can shed light on various aspects of far more complex 3D crystallization processes. − This is due to the fact that their dynamic self-assembly into different molecular packings is strongly influenced by kinetic effects.…”

Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carbohalogenative 1,2‐Difunctionalization of C−C Multiple Bonds

“…Among the available protocols for carbon-halogen bond formation, synchronized to the numerous transition-metal-free strategies, [7] transition-metal-catalyzed selective CÀ X bond formation [8] in environmentally benign, operationally simple, atom and cost-effective manner has been an essential and challenging aspect of organic chemistry. [9] In the quest of atom and step economic access of highly functionalized organic molecules associated with the formation of new carbon-carbon and carbonheteroatom bonds, development of novel strategies for the efficient and straight forward difunctionalization of carbon-carbon multiple bonds have gained much popularity among the researchers from both academia and industry. To date, a wide variety of 1,2-difunctionalization protocols [10] including transition-metal-catalyzed CÀ H activation [11] have been developed.…”

Group 9 Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Halogenations

“…[9] Consequently, the extensive use of organic halides in organic synthesis is highly reliant on the availability of suitable and operationally simple methods for the selective installation of the halogen functionality into different organic substrates. [10] Over the years, continuous interest from synthetic chemists has led to the development of milder and environmentally benign procedures using transition metal catalysts for the synthesis of carbon-halogen bonds with excellent levels of selectivity. [11] In the last four decades, transition metal catalyzed CÀH activation has emerged as one of the most promising and step economic approaches to generate highly functionalized molecules.…”