Formation of a new toxic compound, citrinin H1, from citrinin on mild heating in water

Abstract

Citrinin, a relatively weak mycotoxin, can be detoxified by heating; however, a compound having high toxicity was formed on heating at 140 "C in the presence of water. The toxic compound was isolated from heated citrinin and its structure was determined. Its toxicity, evaluated by cytotoxicity assay, was

Citrininotoxinogenicity of Penicillium spp. isolated from decaying apples

“…Literature reports that heating apples for 96 h at 38ºC will prevent the development of the decay (7). On the other side, heating citrinin in the presence of water at 100ºC for 30 min causes formation of citrinin H1, which is ten times more toxic than citrinin (3). There is also recent evidence that surface application of cinnamon oil or potassium sorbate on apples might be potential inhibitors of Penicillium expansum (13).…”

A Major Decomposition Product, Citrinin H2, from Citrinin on Heating with Moisture

“…Citrinin was heated at 1409 C as described in our previous paper. 10) Brie‰y, citrinin (500 mg) and water (375 ml) were distributed inˆfty 10-ml glass vials. After the vials were sealed, the mixture was heated in a thermo-regulated pressure vessel from room temperature to 1409 C at the rate of 39 C W min.…”

“…9) We were interested in clarifying the degradation compounds of citrinin and tried to purify the degradation products and obtained a product, citrinin H1, with potent cytotoxic activity. 10) Further examination of the decomposition products from the heated citrinin led to the isolation of another product, citrinin H2. In this paper, we describe the structure of citrinin H2, its lower toxicity to HeLa cells, and the course of citrinin H2 formation from heated citrinin.…”

The Occurrence, Properties and Significance of Citrinin Mycotoxin

“…Known decomposition products include citrinin H2 which did not show significant cytotoxicity, while the decomposition product citrinin H1, which is made up of two citrinin molecules, showed an increase in cytotoxicity as compared to the parent compound [20,22]. Another decomposition product, the cytotoxic citrinin dimer, dicitrinin A, was also reported in 2006, together with other monomeric and dimeric degradation products [23].…”