Formation mechanism of quasi-spherical carbon particles induced by electron bombardment

Ugarte, D.

doi:10.1016/0009-2614(93)89032-d

Cited by 149 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Of particular interest is the recent finding of an innermost sphere with an inner diameter of 7.1Å, corresponding to the diameter of the C 60 molecule. It is found that if enough energy is provided, the formation of concentric spherical shell structures is favored over the coaxial nanotube structures for small numbers of carbon atoms (74,75). Using these techniques, spherical shells with diameters up to 100Å have been synthesized (see Figure 15), with dimensions similar to those reported for spherical sells of small-sized carbon blacks.…”

Section: Carbon Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The particles now show a spherical shape and a much smaller central empty space (76). (74,75). Onion-like multilayer carbon shells can also be generated by shock wave treatment of carbon soot (79), from carbon deposits exposed to a plasma torch (80), by laser melting of carbon within a high-pressure (50-300 kbar) cell (81), and by annealing nanodiamonds at temperatures in the range 1100 to 1500…”

Section: Carbon Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growth of carbon layers is believed to begin at the surface and progress toward the center (75,83). The onion-like carbon particles are stabilized by the energy gain from the weak van der Waals interaction between adjacent carbon shells (78,84,85).…”

Section: Carbon Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Future Directions in Carbon Science

Dresselhaus

1997

Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.

100

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Section: Carbon Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Carbon Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Future Directions in Carbon Science

Dresselhaus

1997

Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.

100

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“…However, as a general comment, it has to be taken into account the well known effects of electron irradiation, mainly during the HR-TEM analysis, on carbonaceous material inducing the transformation of graphitic polyhedra into spherical onions, as a minimal energy configuration of large carbon clusters [8,20], but also some structure formation; in particular, the irradiation-induced transformation of graphitic nanoparticles into diamond [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pentagonal rings within the hexagonal graphene plane allow the bucky-ball curvature and the fullerene formation, while a graphene sheet rolling into a cylinder gives rise to carbon nanotubes [4][5][6]. These structures, in turn, can be also arranged in a "nested" multi-wall shape, thus producing onion-like or nested fullerenes [7,8] and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) [9], respectively. Starting from these fundamental findings many intermediate and ordered carbon nano-structures have been envisaged and prepared for unconventional applications (nano-cones, horns, fibers, petals, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-graphene growth and texturing by Nd:YAG pulsed laser ablation of graphite on Silicon

Cappelli¹,

Orlando²,

Morandi

et al. 2007

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Pa) and in He sustaining gas (~10 Pa) has been used to grow thin carbon films on Si <100> substrates kept at temperatures from RT to 900 °C. Synchrotron and laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD), performed at grazing incidence, established the formation of nano-sized graphene structures at higher deposition temperatures (~800 ÷ 900°C). When the carbon plume was expanding in vacuum, these structures resulted to be formed by few parallel graphene layers, characterised by an oriented growth along the graphene planes, with the axis parallel to the substrate. High resolution (HR) cross section TEM images of C nano-structures on grids or in film/Si substrate confirmed both size and orientation of the graphene nano-particles. The presence of He atmosphere in the reaction chamber changes basically the particle nucleation process: a clustering phenomenon of aromatic structures is promoted in the gas phase also at low temperature. The nano-structured particles, however, are characterised by a round shaped morphology and random orientation. The mass density of deposited films, measured by X-ray reflectivity, is also strongly dependent on the experimental settings: films grown in the inert gas show lower density compared to the vacuum deposited ones. The preferential vertically oriented growth of graphene layers in vacuum and high temperature can be explained as a combined effect of different processes under a fast kinetic mode: thermal surface diffusion, in-plane growth of graphene sheets and line source direction of activated carbon species of the laser plume. He deposited samples are characterised by a different nucleation and growth process and a more complex structure.

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Novel Nanocarbons—Structure, Properties, and Potential Applications

Subramoney¹

1998

Adv. Mater.

416

205

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The 1985 discovery of the third form of ordered carbon, commonly known as the fullerenes, spurred the subsequent discovery of a number of related novel forms of carbon. The most famous among these carbons are the nanotubes, sometimes referred to as buckytubes as well. In this review, I discuss the structure, properties, and potential applications of most of these novel carbons. It is also interesting to examine how the various forms of nanocarbons are related to one another, and the conditions under which one form transforms to another. From the vast amount of research that has been carried out over the last decade, it is apparent that some of these nanocarbons would have extremely unique properties that might be of value for specific applications that are being contemplated by various researchers. The real breakthrough for this technology would be new processing methods to produce such novel structures in commercial quantities.

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Formation mechanism of quasi-spherical carbon particles induced by electron bombardment

Cited by 149 publications

References 16 publications

Future Directions in Carbon Science

Future Directions in Carbon Science

Nano-graphene growth and texturing by Nd:YAG pulsed laser ablation of graphite on Silicon

Novel Nanocarbons—Structure, Properties, and Potential Applications

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