Formation mechanism and growth kinetics of TiAl3 phase in cold-rolled Ti/Al laminated composites during annealing

Zhang, Jianyu; WANG, Yan-hui; LÜ, Zheng; CHEN, Qing-an; CHEN, Ya-yu; Li, Hezong

doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(22)65813-8

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…1 In addition, composite materials such as Ti/TiAl 3 and Al/TiAl 3 compound metal−metallic composites, which are based on Ti and Al, have also gained interest in the aerospace and defense industries for their high yield strength at elevated temperatures, high energy absorption capability, dimensional stability, and corrosion/oxidation resistance. 2,3 Nevertheless, fabrication of Ti−Al-based materials can sometimes be challenging. Ti−Al intermetallics such as TiAl and TiAl 3 are brittle at room temperature, making them difficult to produce by conventional methods such as machining or shaping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 However, current studies are primarily based on empirical relations such as the widely used model in which the thickness of reaction layer x is linear in diffusion time t raised to a kinetic exponent n, i.e., x = Kt n , where K is the rate constant. 10,9,2 These models are powerful tools when explaining and predicting regular systems such as laminated composites but may not be easy to use when it comes to systems with complex interfaces and microstructures, such as those found in materials produced through additive manufacturing. Figure 1 illustrates the crosssectional views of one of our previous attempts to create an Al/ TiAl 3 composite using direct energy deposition (DED).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intermetallic alloy titanium aluminide (TiAl), for instance, is highly sought after in the aviation and automotive industries for its low density, high strength, and immunity to corrosion and oxidation . In addition, composite materials such as Ti/TiAl 3 and Al/TiAl 3 compound metal–metallic composites, which are based on Ti and Al, have also gained interest in the aerospace and defense industries for their high yield strength at elevated temperatures, high energy absorption capability, dimensional stability, and corrosion/oxidation resistance. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, fabrication of Ti–Al-based materials can sometimes be challenging. Ti–Al intermetallics such as TiAl and TiAl 3 are brittle at room temperature, making them difficult to produce by conventional methods such as machining or shaping. , The production of Ti–Al-based materials is often achieved through various methods such as powder metallurgy for alloys, rolling followed by heat treatment or hot pressing for laminated structures, , and additive manufacturing . One of the key characteristics that these methods have in common is the use of elevated temperatures at specific stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

Li,

Tian,

Moridi

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Due to their remarkable mechanical and chemical properties, Ti–Al-based materials are attracting considerable interest in numerous fields of engineering, such as automotive, aerospace, and defense. With their low density, high strength, and resistance to corrosion and oxidation, these intermetallic alloys and metal-compound composites have found diverse applications. However, additive manufacturing and heat treatment of Ti–Al alloys frequently lead to brittleness and severe formation of defects. The present study delves into the interfacial dynamics of these Ti–Al systems, particularly focusing on the behavior of Ti and Al atoms in the presence of TiAl3 grain boundaries under experimental heat treatment conditions. Using a combination of molecular dynamics and Markov state modeling, we scrutinize the kinetic processes involved in the formation of TiAl3. The molecular dynamics simulation indicates that at the early stage of heat treatment, the predominating process is the diffusion of Al atoms toward the Ti surface through the TiAl3 grain boundaries. Markov state modeling identifies three distinct dynamic states of Al atoms within the Ti/Al mixture that forms during the process, each exhibiting a unique spatial distribution. Using transition time scales as a qualitative measure of the rapidness of the dynamics, it is observed that the Al dynamics is significantly less rapid near the Ti surface compared to the Al surface. Put together, the results offer a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial dynamics and reveal a three-stage diffusion mechanism. The process initiates with the premelting of Al, proceeds with the prevalent diffusion of Al atoms toward the Ti surface, and eventually ceases as the Ti concentration within the mixture progressively increases. The insights gained from this study could contribute significantly to the control and optimization of manufacturing processes for these high-performing Ti–Al-based materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

Li,

Tian,

Moridi

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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show abstract

“…In previous research [ 16 ] on martensitic steel P91, it was found that in the as-welded condition, the IC HAZ (intercritical HAZ) exhibited significantly higher impact toughness than the FG HAZ (fine-grained HAZ), while in the CG HAZ (coarse-grained HAZ), it was the lowest. The 18CrNiMo7-6 steel has attracted attention as well [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Although 18CrNiMo7-6 steel is used frequently, not much research has been dedicated to the mechanical properties of welds in this steel, perhaps because it is used predominantly for highly strained gear parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Mechanical Properties of Fine-Grained Heat-Affected Zone Microstructure in 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel

et al. 2022

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Heat-affected zones (HAZs) in real welds are usually quite narrow, and consequently most standard mechanical tests are difficult or even impossible. Therefore, simulated microstructures are often used for mechanical tests. However, the most often used weld thermal cycle simulator produces only a few millimeters wide area of simulated microstructure in the middle of specimens. Consequently, these kind of simulated specimen are not suitable for standard tensile tests, and even for Charpy impact tests, the simulated area can be too narrow. Therefore, to investigate the mechanical properties of a fine-grain heat-affected zone in 18CrNiMo7-6 steel, two methods were used for simulation of as-welded microstructures: (a) a weld thermal cycle simulator, and (b) as an alternative, though not yet verified option, austenitizing in a laboratory furnace + water quenching. The microstructures were compared and mechanical properties investigated. The grain sizes of the simulated specimens were 10.9 μm (water-quenched) and 12.6 μm (simulator), whereby the deviations from the real weld were less than 10%. Both types of simulated specimen were used for hardness measurement, Charpy impact tests, and fatigue tests. Water-quenched specimens were large enough to enable standard tensile testing. A hardness of 425 HV, yield strength Rp02 = 1121 MPa, tensile strength Rm = 1475 MPa, impact energy KV = 73.11 J, and crack propagation threshold ΔKthR = 4.33 MPa m0.5 were obtained with the water quenched specimens, and 419 HV, KV = 101.49 J, and ΔKthR = 3.4 MPa m0.5 with the specimens prepared with the simulator. Comparison of the results confirmed that the annealed and quenched specimens were suitable for mechanical tests of FG HAZs, even for standard tensile tests. Due to the use of simulated test specimens, the mechanical properties determined can be linked to the FG HAZ microstructure in 18CrNiMo7-6 steel.

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Bonding Behavior and Mechanism of Composite Interface Between Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel Laminates at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates

Hu,

Song,

Yang

et al. 2024

steel research int.

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Compared to hot roll and explosive bonding, there are relatively few studies on warm/cold roll bonding under low temperature conditions. In this article, the warm/cold roll bonding simulation experiment is conducted to research the deformation, interface bonding rate, microstructure, element diffusion behavior, metallographic structure, and phase of carbon steel/stainless steel. The results show that the plastic deformation remains consistent below 400 °C but exhibits temperature sensitivity above 400 °C. The lower strain rate can increase the bonding rate, while insulation treatment may reduce the bonding rate. The formation of cracks is inhibited at 25 °C and 45% reduction rate due to the challenge of cracking the surface oxide film. Temperature significantly affects bonding, with improved performance observed above 600 °C. Uneven element distribution of bonding area may be related to the precipitated compounds, while insulation treatment increases the mutual diffusion ability of elements. The increase in temperature leads to an increase in pearlite, a decrease in ferrite, and decarburization occurs within the carbon steel matrix. The carbon elements diffuse from carbon steel to the surface of stainless steel. The increase in temperature increases the content of surface compounds.

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Formation mechanism and growth kinetics of TiAl3 phase in cold-rolled Ti/Al laminated composites during annealing

Cited by 17 publications

References 33 publications

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

Simulation and Mechanical Properties of Fine-Grained Heat-Affected Zone Microstructure in 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel

Bonding Behavior and Mechanism of Composite Interface Between Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel Laminates at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates

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