Formation and Transport of Deethylatrazine and Deisopropylatrazine in Surface Water

Thurman, E. Michael; Meyer, Michael T.; Mills, Margaret S.; Zimmerman, L.R.; Perry, Charles A.; Goolsby, Donald A.

doi:10.1021/es00062a010

Cited by 117 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…15,18,19,38 Low DEA/ATZ ratios, e.g., <0.1, occur in streams during runoff shortly after application of atrazine. The ratio increases after considerable degradation of atrazine to DEA has occurred in soil.…”

Section: Identification and Quantification Of Analytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Guo

Ranasinghe

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Surface grab and core sediment samples were collected from Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron from 2010 to 2012, and concentrations of herbicides atrazine, simazine, and alachlor, as well as desethylatrazine (DEA), were determined. Concentrations of atrazine in surface grabs ranged from 0.01 to 1.7 ng/g dry weight and are significantly higher in the southern basin of Lake Michigan (latitude <44°) than other parts of the three lakes. The highest concentration of alachlor was found in sediments of Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron. The inventory and net fluxes of these herbicides were found to decline exponentially from the south to the north. The concentration ratio of DEA to atrazine (DEA/ATZ) increased with latitude, suggesting degradation of atrazine to DEA during atmospheric transport. DEA/ATZ also increased with sediment depth in the sediment cores. Diffusion of deposited herbicides from the upper sediment into deeper sediments has occurred, on the basis of the observed patterns of concentrations in dated sediment cores. Concentrations of atrazine in pore water were estimated and were higher than those reported for the bulk waters, suggesting the occurrence of solid-phase deposition of atrazine through the water column and that contaminated sediments act as a source releasing atrazine to the overlying water. ■ INTRODUCTIONCurrent agricultural practices often involve extensive use of herbicides. 1 Atrazine [1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine], simazine [6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and alachlor [2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] are among those used in the United States. Atrazine and simazine are both triazines and were initially registered as herbicides in 1958 and 1956, respectively. 2,3 Alachlor, a chloroacetanilide, was first registered in 1969. 4 From 1992 to 2011, reported annual usages on crops were 32 000−36 000 tons for atrazine, 1814−2722 tons for simazine, and 454−22 680 tons for alachlor. 5 These herbicides are primarily used in the "Corn Belt" near the Great Lakes of North America, including the states of Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana and parts of others. 1,5 Their use has been banned by the European Union because of ubiquitous and unpreventable water contamination. Atrazine is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide in the United States. 6 According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), atrazine is an endocrine disruptor, 6 simazine may have reproductive or developmental toxicity, 7 and alachlor was classified as a "likely" human carcinogen at high dose. 4 Compared with organochlorine pesticides, atrazine and related compounds are more soluble in water. A major concern is their potential to leach from soils to surface and ground waters that are used as sources of drinking water; 3 thus, most monitoring efforts to date have been conducted for water. Atrazine was found in waters of all five Laurentian Great Lakes. 8−10 In rivers of the Midwestern U.S., elevated concentrations of atrazine, simazine, and alachlor were fou...

show abstract

Section: Identification and Quantification Of Analytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Guo

Ranasinghe

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Samples collected in September 1993 were collected following the 1993 flood. Further details about selection of reservoirs, sample collection methods, and sample preparation are given elsewhere (14,15).…”

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the ethanesulfonic acid derivative of alachlor (alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, ESA) was isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (17). Further details about analytical determinations, quality assurance, and analytical results are given elsewhere (14,15).…”

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations using these data sets have been devoted to the study of the occurrence, formation, and transport of some of the herbicides and derivatives (5,6) and to the proposal of the deethylatrazine/atrazine ratio as a new indicator of the onset of the spring flush of herbicides into surface water (7). All these previous studies have been performed considering each of the measured variables (herbicide concentrations) individually and looking only at their pairwise correlations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Multivariate Correlation between Concentrations of Selected Herbicides and Derivatives in Outflows from Selected U.S. Midwestern Reservoirs

Tauler

Barceló

Thurman

2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multivariate correlations between the concentrations of selected herbicides and herbicide derivatives in outflows from selected reservoirs in the Midwestern United States for April 1992 through September 1993 were investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR). Two independent sources for alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, one major source related to spring flush and seasonal runoff and another minor source related to groundwater, were identified using PCA. Results of MCR provided a semiquantitative interpretation of the environmental sources of the observed herbicide concentrations in reservoir outflows and allowed the examination of their temporal and geographical distributions. Samples with higher herbicide concentrations were collected from reservoirs in Indiana and Ohio, especially during the late spring and summer.

show abstract

“…This degradate is more water soluble (Erickson and Lee, 1989), less adsorptive to soil (Brouwer et al, 1990), more desorptive from soil (Roy and Krapac, 1994), in some studies more persistent (Sirons et al, 1973;Muir and Baker, 1978;Dao et al, 1979;Jones et al, 1982), in other studies less persistent (E. Kruger et al, unpublished results;Kruger et al, 1993b;Baluch et al, 1993), and more mobile (Sorenson et al, 1993;Kruger et al, 1995Kruger et al, , 1996 than the parent compound. Its presence in groundwater and surface water is well documented (Adams and Thurman, 1991;Kolpin and Kalkhoff, 1993;Jayachandran et al, 1994;Masse et al, 1994;Schottler et al, 1994;Thurman et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Undisturbed Soil Columns under Controlled Conditions To Study the Fate of [¹⁴C]Deethylatrazine

Kruger

Rice

Anhalt

et al. 1996

J. Agric. Food Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The fate of [14C]deethylatrazine [2-chloro-4-amino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was studied under controlled conditions by using undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. In a 13-week leaching study, the percentage of [14C]deethylatrazine recovered was greatest in the first leaching event (1.3% of the applied 14C), suggesting that preferential flow occurred. The total concentration of deethylatrazine leached from soil columns over the 13-week period was 4.9 μg/L (3.6% of the applied 14C). Unidentified polar degradates made up 3.8% of the applied radioactivity recovered in the leachate, and didealkylatrazine [2-chloro-4,6-(diamino)-s-triazine] and deethylhydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-amino-6-(isopropylamino)-striazine] occurred in trace quantities. Sixty-seven percent of the applied 14C remained in the top 10 cm of soil columns, with 48% as bound residues, 12% as unidentified polar degradates, 5.5% as deethylatrazine, 0.2% as didealkylatrazine, and less than 0.1% as deethylhydroxyatrazine. KeywordsAtrazine, deethylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, mobility, leaching Disciplines Entomology | Soil Science CommentsThis article is from Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44 (1996) The fate of [ 14 C]deethylatrazine [2-chloro-4-amino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was studied under controlled conditions by using undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. In a 13-week leaching study, the percentage of [ 14 C]deethylatrazine recovered was greatest in the first leaching event (1.3% of the applied 14 C), suggesting that preferential flow occurred. The total concentration of deethylatrazine leached from soil columns over the 13-week period was 4.9 µg/L (3.6% of the applied 14 C). Unidentified polar degradates made up 3.8% of the applied radioactivity recovered in the leachate, and didealkylatrazine [2-chloro-4,6-(diamino)-s-triazine] and deethylhydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-amino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] occurred in trace quantities. Sixty-seven percent of the applied 14 C remained in the top 10 cm of soil columns, with 48% as bound residues, 12% as unidentified polar degradates, 5.5% as deethylatrazine, 0.2% as didealkylatrazine, and less than 0.1% as deethylhydroxyatrazine.

show abstract

Formation and Transport of Deethylatrazine and Deisopropylatrazine in Surface Water

Cited by 117 publications

References 37 publications

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Multivariate Correlation between Concentrations of Selected Herbicides and Derivatives in Outflows from Selected U.S. Midwestern Reservoirs

Use of Undisturbed Soil Columns under Controlled Conditions To Study the Fate of [¹⁴C]Deethylatrazine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Formation and Transport of Deethylatrazine and Deisopropylatrazine in Surface Water

Cited by 117 publications

References 37 publications

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Occurrence of Atrazine and Related Compounds in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes

Multivariate Correlation between Concentrations of Selected Herbicides and Derivatives in Outflows from Selected U.S. Midwestern Reservoirs

Use of Undisturbed Soil Columns under Controlled Conditions To Study the Fate of [14C]Deethylatrazine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Use of Undisturbed Soil Columns under Controlled Conditions To Study the Fate of [¹⁴C]Deethylatrazine