Formation and growth of stem cankers caused by <i>Gremmeniella abietina</i> on young <i>Pinus contorta</i>

Witzell, Jesper

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0329.2001.00231.x

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Witzell, A. Bernhold and P. Hansson The results of this study show that the vitality of G. abietina conidia in P. sylvestris slash on ground in northern boreal areas remain high the entire period from felling of infected trees until conidia dispersal. This saprotrophic ability agrees with earlier findings from Fennoscandia, concluding that G. abietina can survive and reproduce for at least 2 years in dead shoots of living trees (Hellgren and Barklund 1992;Kaitera et al 1997), and even longer in cankers (Kurkela 1981;Witzell 2001). Our results are also similar to those of Dorworth (1972) who showed that apothecia of the North American race of G. abietina are able to survive for at least 10 months on Pinus resinosa slash.…”

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confidence: 92%

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Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash in northern Sweden

Witzell¹,

Bernhold

Hansson

2006

Forest Pathology

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Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash was studied in northern Sweden during 2003 and 2004. Once a month between September 2003 and April 2004, two to three trees were cut down and debranched. Shoots with pycnidia were sampled at the felling date and then at every consecutive month. The percentage of germinated conidia from each shoot was calculated after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation. The vitality of G. abietina pycnidia in the slash remained high the whole period. Intact pycnidia were found on slash several months after the time of conidial sporulation, which indicates that new pycnidia may be produced on dead pine branches. Sampling of shoots from slash on 13-to 18-month-old clear-cuts showed conidial germination capacity as high as in pycnidia collected in fresh slash. Due to survival of G. abietina in slash it is recommended to postpone planting of P. sylvestris seedlings in northern boreal areas to the third vegetation period after sanitary clear-cuts.

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confidence: 92%

“…latifolia Engelm. by killing young shoots and buds and by causing necroses on the stem resulting in cankers (Roll-Hansen 1964;Kurkela and Norokorpi 1979;Hellgren and Barklund 1992;Karlman et al 1994;Witzell 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash in northern Sweden

Witzell¹,

Bernhold

Hansson

2006

Forest Pathology

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“…Apothecia can also be found concentrated to stem cankers (e.g. on Pinus contorta ; Witzell, ). Apothecia are brown cuplike, 1 mm with short stalks and ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, four‐celled, often slightly curved with rounded ends and 15–22 × 3–5 μm (Sinclair and Lyon, ).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Gremmeniella abietina

Jeger¹,

Bragard²,

Caffier³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel performed a pest categorisation of Gremmeniella abietina, a well-defined species and distinguishable fungus of the family Godroniaceae. The species G. abietina includes several varieties, races and biotypes that are found in different geographical locations, on different hosts and that vary in aggressiveness. The pathogen causes diseases on Pinus species and other conifers such as Abies spp., Picea spp., Larix spp. and Pseudotsuga spp. known as Scleroderris canker in North America and Brunchorstia dieback in Europe. G. abietina has been reported from 19 EU Member States, without apparent ecoclimatic factors limiting establishment. The pathogen is a protected zone (PZ) quarantine pest (Annex IIB) for Ireland and the UK (Northern Ireland). The main European hosts are widespread throughout most of the EU and have been frequently planted in the PZ. The main means of spread are wind-blown ascospores, rain-splashed conidia, plants for planting and traded Christmas trees. Given that G. abietina is most damaging to species that are grown towards the limit of their range, impacts can be expected in the PZ, should the pathogen be introduced there. Risk reduction options include selection of disease-free planting material, nursery inspections, selection of planting sites at some distance from infested plantations, appropriate spacing between plants and thinning. The main uncertainties concern the indeterminate endophytic stage of the fungus, the pathogen distribution and the future taxonomic status of G. abietina, given its intraspecific diversity. All the criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as potential PZ quarantine pest are met. The criterion of plants for planting being the main pathway for spread for regulated non-quarantine pests is not met: plants for planting are only one of the means of spread of the pathogen.

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“…Stem cankers on pole-sized trees (LTT G. abietina) are rare in Sweden but common in North America on the highly susceptible P. resinosa (Skilling et al 1986;Laflamme 1991). However, stem cankers on smaller trees are more common and have caused severe damage to P. contorta plantations in northern Sweden (Karlman et al 1994;Witzell 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance toGremmeniella abietina(European race, large tree type) in introducedPinus contortaand nativePinus sylvestrisin Sweden

et al. 2009

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To study the resistance of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex Watts to large tree type (LTT) Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet of the European race, seedlings of P. contorta and Pinus sylvestris L. were planted in gaps of an infected 40-year-old P. sylvestris stand in 2005 and assessed for symptoms in and 32% of the P. contorta and P. sylvestris seedlings were infected, respectively. However, mortality was lower and recovery was better in the P. contorta seedlings. The mean infection length on surviving seedlings was significantly shorter in P. contorta (4 cm) compared with P. sylvestris (10 cm), and 47% of the P. contorta seedlings had developed new leader shoots in 2007 compared with 19% of the P. sylvestris seedlings. Histopathological examinations of the transition zone of infected shoots showed that P. contorta, as well as P. sylvestris, produced ligno-suberized boundaries extending from healthy needle bases transversally across the shoots. Together with areas of phenol-filled cells, these boundaries completed the compartmentalization of the invaded outermost parts of a majority of the infected seedlings. Our results indicate that P. contorta is more resistant to LTT G. abietina than P. sylvestris. Résumé: Afin d'étudier la résistance de Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex Watts au type grands arbres (TGA) de la race européenne de Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet, des semis de P. contorta et de Pinus sylvestris L. furent plantés en 2005 dans des trouées à l'intérieur d'un peuplement infecté de P. sylvestris âgé de 40 ans. Les symptômes furent évalués en 2006-2007. En 2007, respectivement 45 % et 32 % des semis de P. contorta et de P.sylvestris furent infectés. Cependant, la mortalité était plus basse et la récupération meilleure chez les semis de P. contorta. La longueur moyenne des infections sur les semis survivants était significativement plus courte chez le P. contorta (4 cm) comparativement au P. sylvestris (10 cm), et 47 % des semis de P. contorta avaient développé de nouvelles pousses en 2007, comparativement à 19 % chez les semis de P. sylvestris. Des examens histopathologiques de la zone de transition des pousses infectées montrent que le P. contorta, comme le P. sylvestris, forment une barrière ligno-subéreuse s'étendant de la base des aiguilles saines transversalement à travers les pousses. Avec les cellules remplies de phénols, ces barrières complètent le compartimentage des parties envahies les plus distantes de la majorité des semis infectés. Nos ré-sultats indiquent que le P. contorta est plus résistant au TGA de G. abietina que le P. sylvestris.

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Formation and growth of stem cankers caused by Gremmeniella abietina on young Pinus contorta

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash in northern Sweden

Survival and vitality of Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus sylvestris slash in northern Sweden

Pest categorisation of Gremmeniella abietina

Resistance toGremmeniella abietina(European race, large tree type) in introducedPinus contortaand nativePinus sylvestrisin Sweden

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