Formation and Developmental Specification of the Odontogenic and Osteogenic Mesenchymes

Abstract

Within the mandible, the odontogenic and osteogenic mesenchymes develop in a close proximity and form at about the same time. They both originate from the cranial neural crest. These two condensing ecto-mesenchymes are soon separated from each other by a very loose interstitial mesenchyme, whose cells do not express markers suggesting a neural crest origin. The two condensations give rise to mineralized tissues while the loose interstitial mesenchyme, remains as a soft tissue. This is crucial for proper anchorage of mammalian teeth. The situation in all three regions of the mesenchyme was compared with regard to cell heterogeneity. As the development progresses, the early phenotypic differences and the complexity in cell heterogeneity increases. The differences reported here and their evolution during development progressively specifies each of the three compartments. The aim of this review was to discuss the mechanisms underlying condensation in both the odontogenic and osteogenic compartments as well as the progressive differentiation of all three mesenchymes during development. Very early, they show physical and structural differences including cell density, shape and organization as well as the secretion of three distinct matrices, two of which will mineralize. Based on these data, this review highlights the consecutive differences in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which support the cohesion as well as mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. These are involved in the conversion of mechanical energy into biochemical signals, cytoskeletal rearrangements cell differentiation, or collective cell behavior.

A single-cell atlas of human teeth

“…Dental pulp and periodontal precursors display however divergent behaviors from very early developmental stages. Such differences were proposed to be induced from the interaction of similar neural crest cells with different microenvironments ( Diekwisch, 2002 ; Luan et al., 2009 ; Svandova et al., 2020 ). These interactions would thus be the basis for the generation of tissues as diverse as the dental pulp, periodontium, and alveolar bone, from common neural crest-derived cell populations ( Svandova et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Such differences were proposed to be induced from the interaction of similar neural crest cells with different microenvironments ( Diekwisch, 2002 ; Luan et al., 2009 ; Svandova et al., 2020 ). These interactions would thus be the basis for the generation of tissues as diverse as the dental pulp, periodontium, and alveolar bone, from common neural crest-derived cell populations ( Svandova et al., 2020 ). Subpopulations of periodontal MSCs indeed maintain for long time a highly migratory behavior, which has been hypothesized to depend as well on the peculiar periodontal microenvironment ( Diekwisch, 2002 ; Luan et al., 2009 ).…”

Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Improves Osteogenesis in Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…This can potentially answer age-old questions with regards to mechanisms of endochondral transdifferentiation, and the role of macrophages in bone formation (Setty, 2014 ; Cho, 2015 ; Dogan, 2018 ; Haraguchi et al, 2019 ; Marín-Llera et al, 2019 ). Present methods of determination of osteogenic processes include detection of osteoblastic markers such as RUNX2, Col1A1, and Osterix along with ALP activity and calcium deposition (Svandova et al, 2020 ; Yong et al, 2020 ). However, oxidative stress status or cell migration are rarely explored and should be delineated to enrich the knowledge of differentiation and repair processes in osteogenesis (Kubo et al, 2019 ).…”

Expression of nitric oxide synthases in rat odontoblasts and the role of nitric oxide in odontoblastic differentiation of rat dental papilla cells

“…Dental papilla cells (DPCs) are mesenchymal cells that are surrounded by the enamel organ during tooth development. DPCs near the epithelial–mesenchymal interface differentiate into odontoblasts, whereas the remaining cells inside the dental papilla form the dental pulp (Svandova et al., 2020; Tziafas & Kodonas, 2010). Odontoblasts are a single layer of specialized cells located at the interface of the dentin and the dental pulp.…”