Formation and Decomposition of New and Unknown Polar Brominated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination

Zhai, Hongchen; Zhang, Xiangru

doi:10.1021/es1034427

Cited by 266 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It was concluded that the Ho fraction with phenolic hydroxyl and conjugated double bonds was responsible for the production of trichloromethanes and trichloroacetic acids. The above conclusion may be supported by some recent reports, in which some aromatic halogenated DBPs are found to be actual intermediate DBPs that can decompose to form commonly known DBPs including HAAs and THMs [33][34][35].…”

Section: Ft-ir and 13 C Cpmas Nmr Spectroscopy Analysis Of Nomsupporting

confidence: 64%

Characterization of dissolved organic matter from surface waters with low to high dissolved organic carbon and the related disinfection byproduct formation potential

Zhao

Mao

et al. 2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t s• The DBPFP of source waters did not correlate with the DOC value.• SUVA didn't represent the potential to form DBP in low-aromatic waters.• The Hi fraction played an important role in DBPFP for waters.• Phenolic hydroxyl group tended to form TCM and TCAA during chlorination.• Carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups tended to form DCAA and Br-DBP. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c tThe characterization of DBP precursors from three source waters in China revealed that the DBPFP did not correlate with the DOC value. The Ho fraction mainly contained phenolic hydroxyl and conjugated double bonds which were reactive with chlorine to produce DBP, especially TCM and TCAA. The Hi fraction may contain more amino, carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups, which had the great potential to form DCAA and Br-DBP during chlorination. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tIn this study, the disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) of three surface waters with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of 2.5, 5.2, and 7.9 mg/L was investigated. The formation and distribution of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were evaluated. Samples collected from three surface waters in China were fractionated based on molecular weight and hydrophobicity. The raw water containing more hydrophobic (Ho) fraction exhibited higher formation potentials of haloacetic acid and trihalomethane. The DBPFP of the surface waters did not correlate with the DOC value. The values of DBPFP per DOC were correlated with the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) for Ho and Hi fractions. The obtained results suggested that SUVA cannot reveal the ability of reactive sites to form disinfection byproducts for waters with few aromatic structures. Combined with the analysis of FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the raw waters and the corresponding fractions, it was concluded that the Ho fraction with phenolic hydroxyl and conjugated double bonds was responsible for the production of trichloromethanes and trichloroacetic acids. The Hi fraction with amino and carboxyl groups had the potential to form dichloroacetic acids and chlorinated trihalomethanes.

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Section: Ft-ir and 13 C Cpmas Nmr Spectroscopy Analysis Of Nomsupporting

confidence: 64%

Characterization of dissolved organic matter from surface waters with low to high dissolved organic carbon and the related disinfection byproduct formation potential

Zhao

Mao

et al. 2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Recently, Zhang et al 11 successfully developed the PIS method using ESI-tqMS for fast selective detection of polar Br-DBPs and studied the formation of new and unknown Br-DBPs during chlorination. 23 They detected 38 ion clusters of possible Br-DBPs, five of which were confirmed or proposed as brominated acetic acids, 11 could be confirmed or proposed to be identified chemical structures, and 22 were bromine-containing compounds with unknown molecular formula. Because their samples were prepared using a liquid−liquid extraction method and the formulas of most of Br-DBPs in their study are not available, a comprehensive comparison was difficult.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Unknown Brominated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Zhang

Shi

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

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Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs), formed from the reaction of disinfectant(s) with natural organic matter in the presence of bromide in raw water, are generally more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. To date, only a few Br-DBPs in drinking water have been identified, while a significant portion of Br-DBPs in drinking water is still unknown. In this study, negative ion electrospray ionization ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) was used to characterize unknown Br-DBPs in artificial drinking water. In total, 441 formulas for one-bromine-containing products and 37 formulas for two-bromine-containing products, most of which had not been previously reported, were detected in the chlorinated sample. Most Br-DBPs have corresponding chlorine-containing analogues with identical CHO composition. In addition, on-resonance collisioninduced dissociation (CID) of single ultrahigh resolved bromine containing mass peaks was performed in the ICR cell to isolate single bromine-containing components in a very complex natural organic matter spectrum and provide structure information. Relatively abundant neutral loss of CO 2 was observed in MS−MS spectra, indicating that the unknown Br-DBPs are rich in carboxyl groups. The results demonstrate that the ESI FT-ICR MS method could provide valuable molecular composition and structure information on unknown Br-DBPs. ■ INTRODUCTIONDuring disinfection treatment of drinking water, naturally occurring bromide present in source water can be rapidly oxidized by chlorine to hypobromous acid (HOBr), which has been noted to be more powerful in reacting with natural organic matter (NOM) to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) than hypochlorous acid (HOCl). 1−3 Toxicological studies have shown that brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) are generally more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. 4−7 For example, bacterial studies have shown that bromoacetic acid is approximately 20 times more cytotoxic and 200 times more mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 than chloroacetic acid. 6 Mammalian cell studies have shown that bromoacetic acid is 90 times more cytotoxic and 25 times more genotoxic in Chinese hamster ovary cells than chloroacetic acid. 6 Identifying and controlling Br-DBPs have thus been important issues in securing drinking water safety.To date, approximately 110 Br-DBPs have been reported as drinking water DBPs, most of which were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC−MS) with or without derivatization. 6,8−10 Even with derivatization, however, GC−MS generally is not amenable to the detection of polar/ highly polar Br-DBPs. Zhang et al. 11 have recently developed the precursor ion scan (PIS) method using electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-tqMS) for fast selective detection of polar/highly polar Br-DBPs. In this method, precursor ion scans of m/z 79 and 81 were used to selectively detect the Br-DBPs, and product ion scan...

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“…The concentration and property of NOM influence water quality directly, because NOM is considered as the major precursor for many disinfection by-products (DBPs) in water treatments [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractionation of humic acid upon adsorption to goethite: Batch and column studies

Qin

Liu

Wang

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Formation and Decomposition of New and Unknown Polar Brominated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination

Cited by 266 publications

References 19 publications

Characterization of dissolved organic matter from surface waters with low to high dissolved organic carbon and the related disinfection byproduct formation potential

Characterization of dissolved organic matter from surface waters with low to high dissolved organic carbon and the related disinfection byproduct formation potential

Characterization of Unknown Brominated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Fractionation of humic acid upon adsorption to goethite: Batch and column studies

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