Formaldehyde Concentrations Inside Private Residences: A Mail-Out Approach to Indoor Air Monitoring

Sexton, Ken; Liu, Kai Shen; Petreas, Myrto

doi:10.1080/00022470.1986.10466104

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For a person who spends 60% of the time inside his or her own home, a weekly HCHO exposure of 7 ppm-hr can be translated into a weekly average HCHO concentration of 0.07 ppm. It is not uncommon to find HCHO concentrations at this level in mobile homes (14). The fact that approximately 10,000 mobile homes are sold annually in California alone implies that the affected population may be substantial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of663 mobile homes with 1394 residents completed the summer phase and 523 homes with 1096 residents finished the winter phase of the survey. A detailed description ofthe study design can be found in a previous publication (14).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The survey was also used to determine the important factors affecting HCHO concentrations. This paper addresses mainly the health effects of HCHO, while previous papers discussed other aspects of the study (14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irritant Effects of Formaldehyde Exposure in Mobile Homes

Liu¹,

Huang²,

Hayward³

et al. 1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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This paper reports the irritant effects associated with formaldehyde exposures in mobile homes. Week-long, integrated fomakldehy concentratioas were nm red uing paive monitors insummer and winter while the mobile home residents continued their normal activities. Information on acute health problems, chronic respiratory/allergic illnesses, smoking behavior, de v , and time spent at home was obtned on over 1000 individuals during the sampling period. Measured formaldehyde concentrations varied from under the limit ofdetection (0.01 ppm) to OA6 ppm. Formaldehyde exposure was estiated for each individual by multiplying the concentration measured in his or her home by the time he or she spent at home. Irritant effects were found to be associated with formaldehyde exposure after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and chronic illnesses using a logistic procedure. Some of the interaction terms found to be significant indicated that there were synergistic effects between formaldehyde exposure and chronic health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irritant Effects of Formaldehyde Exposure in Mobile Homes

Liu¹,

Huang²,

Hayward³

et al. 1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…f Hawthorne et al (1984) (residences). g Sexton et al (1986) (mobile homes). h Carlier et al (1986).…”

Section: Vocsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Gordon

Callahan

Nishioka

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

122

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A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and diazinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co-located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1±1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 g /m 3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (g /g or g /m 2 ) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 g /g and 0.015 g /m 2 ; Spearman=0.644 g /g and 0.578 g /m 2 ). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.

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“…Since pumps and accessories are not required, passive sampling is less costly and easier to implement. It is actually possible to conduct extensive sampling programs through the mails 16 -samplers can be mailed out to a location and then mailed back. For many studies, an accuracy of 25 percent is more than sufficient.…”

Section: Advantagesmentioning

confidence: 99%