Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes

Leikauf, George D.

doi:10.1002/9780470442890.ch9

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 375 publications

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“…Repeated inhalation of volatilized benzaldehyde produced eye and nasal mucosa irritation at 500 ppm and death in rabbits at 750 ppm [87]. While specific data on benzaldehyde exposures and asthma is lacking, inhalation of similar low-molecular-weight aldehydes is known to impair respiratory function [88, 89] and has been implicated in the development of asthma in children [90, 91]; thus, the use of this aldehyde flavoring agent in e-cigs is of concern. Kosmider and colleagues recently quantified benzaldehyde in aerosol generated from 145 flavored e-liquids [85].…”

Section: E-liquid Components and Their Effects On The Lungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma

Clapp

Jaspers

2017

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

163

152

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Purpose of Review Vaping is gaining popularity in the USA, particularly among teens and young adults. While e-cigs are commonly represented as safer alternatives to tobacco cigarettes, little is known regarding the health effects of their short- or long-term use, especially in individuals with pre-existing respiratory diseases such as asthma. Flavored e-cig liquids (e-liquids) and e-cig aerosols contain airway irritants and toxicants that have been implicated in the pathogenesis and worsening of lung diseases. In this review, we will summarize existing data on potential health effects of components present in e-cig aerosols, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings, and discuss their relevance in the context of asthma. Recent Findings Recent survey data indicate that adolescents with asthma had a higher prevalence of current e-cig use (12.4%) compared to their non-asthmatics peers (10.2%) and conveyed positive beliefs about tobacco products, especially e-cigs. Similarly, a study conducted among high school students from Ontario, Canada, indicated a greater likelihood of e-cig use in asthmatics as compared to their non-asthmatic peers. Availability of different flavorings is often cited as the main reason among youth/adolescents for trying e-cigs or switching from cigarettes to e-cigs. Occupational inhalation of some common food-safe flavoring agents is reported to cause occupational asthma and worsen asthmatic symptoms. Moreover, workplace inhalation exposures to the flavoring agent diacetyl have caused irreversible obstructive airway disease in healthy workers. Additionally, recent studies report that thermal decomposition of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), the base constituents of e-liquids, produces reactive carbonyls, including acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, which have known respiratory toxicities. Furthermore, recent nicotine studies in rodents reveal that prenatal nicotine exposures lead to epigenetic reprogramming in the offspring, abnormal lung development, and multigenerational transmission of asthmatic-like symptoms. Summary Comparisons of the toxicity and health effects of e-cigs and conventional cigarettes often focus on toxicants known to be present in cigarette smoke (CS) (i.e., formaldehyde, nitrosamines, etc.), as well as smoking-associated clinical endpoints, such as cancer, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, this approach disregards potential toxicity of components unique to flavored e-cigs, such as PG, VG, and the many different flavoring chemicals, which likely induce respiratory effects not usually observed in cigarette smokers.

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Section: E-liquid Components and Their Effects On The Lungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma

Clapp

Jaspers

2017

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

163

152

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“…Because these compounds are in ETS, involuntary exposures are likely to be frequent. Aldehydes have several other indoor sources, including wood fires, cigarette smoke, and release from building materials, personal care products, and clothing (343,358). Initially, field investigations could assess outdoor, indoor, and personal exposures to aldehyde and metal asthmagens using probability-based sampling.…”

Section: Future Research Priorities Exposure Assessment Research Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous air pollutants and asthma.

Leikauf

2002

Environ Health Perspect

186

131

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“…Some carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) are classified as hazardous air pollutants (also known as air toxics) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because of their adverse health effects, including cancer and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. [1][2][3][4][5] Carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere are produced from primary and secondary sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and Source Characteristics of Airborne Carbonyl Compounds Measured Outside Urban Residences

Liu

Zhang

Kwon

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper presents the analysis of ambient air concentrations of 10 carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) measured in the yards of 87 residences in the city of Elizabeth, NJ, throughout 1999NJ, throughout -2001. Most of these residences were measured twice in different seasons; the sampling duration was 48 hr each time. The authors observed higher concentrations for most of the measured carbonyl compounds on warmer days, reflecting larger contributions of photochemical reactions on warmer days. The estimated contributions of photochemical production varied substantially across the measured carbonyl compounds and could be as high as 60%. Photochemical activity, however, resulted in a net loss for formaldehyde. The authors used stepwise multiple linear regression models to evaluate the impact of traffic sources and meteorological conditions on carbonyl concentrations using the data collected on colder days (with lower photochemical activities). They found that the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal significantly decreased with increasing distance between a measured residence and one or more major roadways. They also found significant negative associations between concentrations for most of the measured carbonyl compounds and each of the following meteorological parameters: mixing height, wind speed, and precipitation.

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Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes

Cited by 19 publications

References 375 publications

Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma

Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma

Hazardous air pollutants and asthma.

Concentrations and Source Characteristics of Airborne Carbonyl Compounds Measured Outside Urban Residences

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